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per beneficiary country. The implementation of the backcasting method in this analysis includes the identification of long-term sustainability criteria and an assessment of the present conditions and performance of the project countries’ energy sectors as they concern these criteria against statistical data from the energy sector. The approach will assist in clearly identifying the potential impacts of the policies adopted and implemented by the governments in the countries include in the present study. This analysis was supported by information gleaned through an extensive literature review, including relevant laws and policies, and by other data gathered by CARICOM, OECS, CARILEC, CSEP, CREDP/GIZ; surveys/questionnaires; and consultations with national, regional, and international partners and stakeholders where necessary. Where there significant gaps were found in the data, in-country meetings were conducted. The analysis concludes with a set of recommendations/best practices for the development of a sustainable renewable energy governance/management framework in the respective countries. 2 Regional Energy Policy Development The impetus to develop energy policy in this region often has been a global energy crisis. The first of these were the oil crises of 1973 and 1979. The 1973 oil crisis was precipitated by the imposition of an oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) which disrupted the supply of oil and drove up the prices. Many countries heavily dependent on fossil fuels plunged into a recession and faced high inflation. Again in 1979 political challenges disrupted the supply of oil increased its prices. There is not much literature available in the public domain discussing the impact of the crisis on Caribbean economies, which were, at the time quite fragile. At the time of the oil crises, countries of the region were either newly independent or on the verge of independence from their colonizers. Attempts at a West Indian Federation failed only 10 years prior. Thus, countries of the region—although filled with hope for the prospects of the future—felt vulnerable, politically, economically, and socially. In Dominica, the 1979 oil crisis contributed to an increase in 1980 of the consumer price index by 30.5% over the previous year (Library of Congress 1987) (natural events, such as Hurricane David, also contributed). According the Library of Congress Country Study of the Caribbean, “the international economic recession caused a reduction in investment, especially after the 1973 and 1979 oil price shocks. Bahamian independence in 1973 also caused a certain amount of uncertainty, contributing further to reduced foreign investment” (Library of Congress 1987). These events led to the creation of the Regional Energy Action Plan in 1983 (discussed in more detail below), which was designed to help countries address their energy challenges and post-oil crises. The second and more recent oil crisis took place in 2008, and impacted Caribbean countries significantly. Some governments tried to dull the impact of increased power costs through subsidies. Also during this time, dialogue on energy security and independence through the exploitation of indigenous and renewable resources gained traction. Countries began to review energy policies and plans, resulting in differentiated levels of completion, adoption, and implementation, and energy-sector reform is currently a priority. This oil crisis could be considered one of the principle triggers of the many energy crises faced by the Caribbean countries analyzed in this report. Figure 1 shows the periods when oil prices have been extremely high. Particular attention should be focused on the years 1973, 1979, and 2008, when prices were more than $100 per barrel, making electricity production and transportation in the Caribbean countries unsustainable, and burdening the national economies. 5PDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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