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International Nordic Bioenergy 2003 conference boiler with a nominal capacity of 6,000 kWth covers the base load, the hot water boiler with a nominal capacity of 7,000 kWth is additionally in operation for medium load coverage and the peak load is covered by a fuel oil fired boiler with a nominal capacity of 11,000 kWth (see Table1). The thermal oil boiler supplies the ORC process with heat. The heat recovery unit with a nominal capacity of 2,000 kWth comprises a thermal oil economiser, located downstream of the thermal oil boiler, and a hot water economiser which recovers energy from the flue gases of both biomass-fired boilers. The heat recovery unit increases the overall plant efficiency. The solar collector panel located on the roof of the plant has a surface area of 630 m2 and achieves a thermal power of up to 350 kWth (see Table 1). The main innovative part of the new biomass CHP plant in Lienz is the ORC process with a nominal electric capacity of 1,000 kWel and a nominal thermal capacity of 4,400 kWth. The relevant technical data of the ORC process are listed in Table 1. The ORC was manufactured and supplied by TURBODEN Srl, Brescia, Italy. Table 1. Technical data of the biomass CHP plant Lienz Technical data of the biomass CHP plant partial load at feed water temperatures of 85°C (see Figure 7). This underlines the excellent partial load behaviour of this technology. The internal electric power demand of the ORC for the feed pumps amounts to about 60 kW at nominal load and constitutes the difference between the gross and the net electric power output of the plant. Thus, the gross electric efficiency of the ORC is about 19% at nominal load. Furthermore, the measurement data already obtained clearly show that the ORC plant can be operated at up to 120% of its nominal electric power, which is an additional advantage during the winter months. G Generator (directly coupled) Regenerator Condenser District Heating Figure 3. Working principle of the biomass-fired ORC process in Lienz Turbine Thermal oil cycle Thermal oil ECO Thermal oil boiler Biomass ORC- process Evaporator m2 Nominal power - thermal oil boiler 6,000 kW Flue gas Combustion air Solar thermal collector 630 Economiser Furnace Combustion air pre-heater Silicon oil pump Nominal power - thermal oil economiser 500 Nominal power - hot water boiler 7,000 kW Nominal power - hot water economiser 1,500 kW Nominal power - oil boiler (peak load) 11,000 kW Maximal thermal power - solar collector 350 kW Production of heat from biomass 60,000 MWh/a Production of heat from solar energy 250 MWh/a Production of electricity from biomass 7,200 Technical data of the ORC process MWh/a thermal oil ECO hot water ECO radiation and heat losses 8% thermal output 75% electricity output 15% heat and electricity losses ORC 2 % kW Thermal power input - ORC at nominal load 5,560 kW Net electric power output - ORC at nominal load 1,000 kW Thermal power output - ORC at nominal load 4,440 kW Net electric efficiency - ORC at nominal load 18 % Thermal efficiency at nominal load 80 % biomass primary energy input (NCV) = 100% combustion air pre-heater thermal oil boiler Electric and thermal losses 2 % Heating medium Thermal oil Inlet temperature 300 °C Outlet temperature 250 °C Figure 4. Energy balance of the biomass CHP plant in Lienz The biomass-fired thermal oil boiler, the thermal oil economiser and the air preheater are equipped with an automatic cleaning system based on pressurised air. This system has already proved its good performance: during the first nine months of operation no manual boiler cleaning was necessary and boiler operation took place without rising flue gas temperatures at the boiler outlet. Based on the project in Lienz and on experiences with other biomass CHP applications, comprehensive investigations concerning the economy of small-scale biomass CHP plants have been performed. The calculation of the production costs for electricity is based on the VDI guideline 2067. This cost calculation scheme distinguishes four types of costs: capital costs (depreciation, interest costs), consumption based costs (fuel, auxiliary energy, consumables), operation-based costs (personnel costs, costs for maintenance) and other costs (administration, insurance). The capital costs are based on additional investment costs (about 380 €/kWel for a 1,000 kWel ORC plant) , and consider only the surplus investment costs of a CHP plant in comparison to a conventional biomass combustion plant with a hot water boiler and the same thermal output. The additional investment costs form the ORC-process Working medium Silicon oil Cooling medium Water Inlet temperature Outlet temperature 80 °C 60 °C The overall electric efficiency of the CHP plant (= net electric power produced / fuel power input into the biomass-fired thermal oil boiler [NCV]) has been considerably increased by a new and improved approach of coupling of the thermal oil boiler with a thermal oil economiser and an air preheater (see Figure 3). Using this approach, the thermal efficiency of the biomass-fired thermal oil boiler reaches 82% (= thermal power output / fuel power input [NCV]), which is about 10% higher than corresponding values from conventional biomass-fired thermal oil boilers [5]. This increased thermal efficiency correspondingly also raises the overall electric efficiency of the CHP plant (= net electric power produced / fuel power input into the biomass-fired thermal oil boiler [NCV]) to about 15% (see Figure 4). The ORC unit in the biomass CHP plant in Lienz has been in successful and almost continuous operation since February 2002. According to operation data already evaluated, the net electric efficiency of the ORC plant amounts to 18% at nominal load and about 16.5% at 50%PDF Image | FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP
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