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has been cooled with 39°F (4°C) water from the adjacent Lake Cayuga. The previous mechanical chiller plant at Cornell in 1999 was reportedly operating at .83 KW/ton (4.24 COP). The LSC plant installed in 2000 is operating at 0.1 KW/ton (35.16 COP) or 86% less electricity (Cornell, 2011). The InterContinental Hotel in Bora Bora, of the Leeward Islands in French Polynesia, is cooled by deep seawater and is documented to provide 90% savings over an electric air conditioning system (“InterContinental,” 2007). Taking the current lead in hydrothermal cooling, the Enwave District Cooling project in Toronto provides approximately 59,000 tons (207,500 kW) of cooling from 39°F (4°C) water from the deep water of neighboring Lake Ontario (“Enwave,” 2010). The project final cost was approximately $128 million dollars but one of the key return on investment strategies was to dual purpose the water, not only for cooling but also for pure drinking water. The Enwave Lake Source District Cooling project connected 3 sections of 2 kilometer long pipe and floated the 6000 meters of piping onto Lake Ontario as seen in Figure 1. To submerge the piping, they employed a controlled submergence technique developed by Joe Van Rysin and his team at Makai Engineering, Hawaii. The author viewed a project documentary video at the Enwave offices. It was noted that during the installation, the wind picked up suddenly and the vast pipeline on the surface precariously flexed as a snake. The pipe was successfully submerged but there was speculation that a further increase in wind velocity and the pipe might have snapped and been lost to the bottom. Sounding eerily similar to the misfortunes of Georges Claude, this near miss has once again indicated the need for a more robust solution in deploying pipes to access water. DRILLED HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY The preceding suggests that Hydrothermal Energy projects are feasible, but there is a need for innovation that lowers the risk and perhaps increases the commercial viability of Hydrothermal Energy. As an alternative means of accessing and discharging the water sources from pipes laid in the ocean, the author recommends tunnel boring machines (TBM) used to create hydro tunnels. “The largest diameter hard rock TBM, at 14.4 m, was manufactured by The Robbins Company for Canada's Niagara Tunnel Project. The machine was used to bore a hydroelectric tunnel beneath Niagara Falls, the machine has been named ’Big Becky‘ in reference to the Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric dams to which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel” (“TBM” 2011). Another option is to borrow the technology of Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) from the petroleum industry. Extended-Reach Drilling is the process of drilling relatively deep bores where the horizontal distance traveled is more than twice the true vertical depth. The ERD technique is generally a long-radius well. The wellbore shifts from the vertical to the Directional Drilling and Tunnel Boring to Access Water for Hydrothermal Energy Figure 2 The above illustrates the concept of using tunnel boring and directional drilling to access and discharge cold and warm seawater or lake water. As of 2010 the longest tunnel using tunnel boring machines has a horizontal reach of 35.4 miles (57Km) while directional drilling has a horizontal reach of 7 miles (11Km) and true vertical depth exceeding 1 mile (~1600 meters). This environmentally responsible method of extraction and discharge avoids disturbing coral reefs and thermal pollution, while protecting the investment from earthquakes and hurricanes. The water resources when brought to onshore wells, will be used for space cooling and process cooling saving up to 90% of the comparable mechanical cooling cost. Clean low cost electric power may be generated from the temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water. This power may also be dedicated to generate low cost hydrogen fuel and a host of other benefits. Upon returning the mineral rich deep water to the upper layer, ocean atmospheric carbon absorption is increased, thereby partially mitigating anthropogenic climate change (Crews, 1997). Page | 4PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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