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horizontal very gradually, with only slight changes in the degree of slope over the course of the bend. The oil company BP has documented the ERD wells drilled as of September of 2006 have a horizontal step-out reaching to 11 kilometers (“K&M,” 2003). The local conditions play a major role in determining the cost of a hydro tunneling or an ERD project. According to Tim Boulay, Senior Drilling Engineer of the K&M Technology Group, “Costs of ERD wells can vary greatly, anywhere from $3- 4million up to well over $150 million. Contributing factors are overall complexity, location, geology, formation pressures, onshore or offshore, water depth, rig requirements, and industry economics” (Boulay 2010). As illustrated in Figure 2, using a combination of directional drilling and tunnel boring with current technology, indicate that distances up to 35.4 miles (57 Km) from the water resources are well within the reach of many coastal communities to construct Hydrothermal Energy plants. Not only do these techniques resolve the risks involved when submerging pipes, but the drilled conduits also protected the conduits from the violent ocean currents, unlike exposed pipes. An exposed pipe must transition from the earth to the open water underneath the shore break. During an earthquake, the pipe may be exposed to different stress levels, particularly at the junction. Provided that a drilled conduit does not cross a fault, during an earthquake, the pipe should move together with the surrounding rock encasement thereby decreasing the conduit’s vulnerability. Multi-disciplined teams should evaluate the cost and the risk of various alternatives. Pumping Water with Compressed Air with Zero Energy (From the Grid) Ocean energy pioneer of Hawaii, Dr. Luis Vega (1999), teaches us that typically 20% - 30% of the parasitic power of an OTEC plant can be consumed by mechanical pumping of the water. To minimize or avoid this excess consumption, the author suggests using “airlift” technology to move the water with air pressure rather than mechanical pumping. In the oil industry, air or gas is injected within the down hole about one third of the true vertical depth. The bubbles expand as they rise to the surface, thereby bringing the fluid to the surface. Airlift specialist, Dr. Sam Kondo of Dublin, Ohio, has developed and demonstrated a special version of an airlift pump which can move massive amounts of water with relatively low air pressure and low power consumption (Kroeger 2010). Taking this concept one step further, a company in Massachusetts, is developing a technology to integrate an air compressor directly connected to a wind turbine to generate and store compressed air. This compressed air energy source can be used to pump water from the depths without using grid power and without the corrosion and maintenance issues of mechanical pumping of ocean water. This would also mitigate many of the concerns of harm to marine organisms as stated in the DOE report to Congress (DOE 2009). Therefore, it becomes entirely possible to eliminate the parasitic power mentioned by Dr. Vega, and be independent from the grid, if wind, wave, tidal or ocean current turbines are deployed to compress the air to transport water. Equally as important in any feasibility of Hydrothermal Energy plants are the revenue streams. A comprehensive list of revenue streams are listed and explained in the next section. Hydrothermal Power Generation The Closed Cycle Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Figure 3 The above modified graphic (Inman 2009) depicts a closed cycle Organic Rankine Cycle using propane as a working fluid. The cold water heat exchanger condenser functions to have the propane change state from a gas to a liquid while the warm surface water heat exchanger evaporator turns the propane into a gas. The gas, on its way to complete the cycle, gives up its energy to a turbine which turns a generator to produce electric power. Page | 5PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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