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EIGHT BENEFITS OF COMPREHENSIVE HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY PLANTS 1 - Hydrothermal Cooling Most deep lakes have a dense boundary layer called a “hypolimnion” layer which secures a vast renewable supply of 39°F (4°C) water year around. Lake Ontario is a particularly deep lake already hosting one of the first hydrothermal cooling projects mentioned earlier. Environmental scientists studying the environmental impact of hydrothermal cooling have stated that 20,000 cubic meters per second could be extracted and replaced without harming the physical properties of Lake Ontario (Newman and Herbert 2009). At a temperature difference of 10 degrees Fahrenheit (39°F to 49°F), the amount of cooling potential for natural water district cooling plants along the shores of New York State and Ontario, Canada would be over 132 million tons (464 million kW). Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron have an even greater potential. Many industries use a great deal of electrical power in process cooling necessary for the production of their products. Data Centers, Flat screen TV manufacturers, micro chip manufacturing, automotive, dairy and food industry, to name a few, all use cooling in their process, the cost of which at say 1.0 KW/ton (3.52 COP) becomes part of the product cost. Coastal communities near deep cold water may consider Hydrothermal Cooling plants to attract industries to their area to increase the employment while lowering the companies cost and carbon foot print. The predecessor to the US Department of Energy, ERDA, in 1975-77, funded two studies on the “Feasibility of a District Cooling System Using Natural Cold Waters” (Hirshman and Kirklin 1977). The initial report concluded that the coast of Southern Florida, from Fort Lauderdale to Miami Beach, would be the most suitable location in the US to use naturally cold water for comfort cooling. The second report made an actual feasibility study for a Miami Beach seawater district cooling plant situated at Indian Beach Park. The conclusion of the report states that the “payoff of investment costs with energy savings is seen to be in the fifth year of operation using the recognized discount/inflation rate of ten percent and a differential energy cost escalation rate of seven percent” (Hirshman and Kirklin 1977). The feasibility site seems to be still available at the present time (September 2011). Miami, Los Angeles, Chicago, Puerto Rico, the islands of the Caribbean and Hawaii, among many other areas, are all located within reach of deep water and can therefore utilize Hydrothermal Cooling, perhaps approximating savings of electricity on the order of 86% to 90% as was documented in the aforementioned Cornell and InterContinental Bora Bora Hotel hydrothermal cooling projects. HVAC professionals, cooling customers and utilities in deep water coastal communities are well advised to consult with oceanographers to preliminarily assess the natural cooling opportunity in their locale. Once the resource is confirmed, the author recommends that a qualified, multi-discipline team make a feasibility study. 2 - Hydrothermal Power Generation Figure 3 gives the reader a visual representation of the organic rankine cycle for producing electricity. HVAC professionals will recognize this cycle as the reverse of the air conditioning cycle. There has been some research to improve the output and efficiency of an OTEC ORC system by integrating solar energy into the cycle. Yamada et al. (2009) illustrates two methods to integrate solar thermal energy to ocean energy. The “SOTEC a” concept uses solar collectors to preheat the ocean water prior to entry into the evaporator heat exchanger thereby increasing the temperature difference and energy potential. Yamada’s “SOTEC b” proposes to superheat the working fluid with solar collectors to increase the energy potential. The author decided to take the conceptual design one step further to incorporate the aforementioned concepts but emulate the design practice of an air conditioning unit to create a Hydrothermal Power Generation Plant. An innovative step in designing a cost effective Hydrothermal Energy power generation system would be to start with the turbine generator by maximizing the capacity within the physical constraint of the envelope of a 40 foot ISO shipping container. This would enable a turbine generator module that could be readily duplicated and cost effectively shipped and installed. Using a warm water resource of 76oF in heat exchangers to evaporate propane (R-290) and a 40oF cold water heat exchanger to condense propane, a single stage turbine generator could theoretically be manufactured to within the envelope of a 40 Foot ISO Page | 6PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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