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container and produce 9.6 megawatts of power. See Figure 3. Incorporating solar power indicated that over 40 megawatts of power could be generated from the same envelope. The detailed results and diagrams were documented in a previous paper by the author (“Jagusztyn & Reny 2010”). Much more work in research and development needs to be done to realize this potential but a path has been illuminated to generate power by collocating two temperature sources with a temperature difference of at least 36oF or 20oC. 3 – Fresh Water Production Only one percent of the earth’s water supply is drinkable fresh water. Efforts are being made to cost effectively desalinate ocean water at coastal communities around the world but these plants are energy intensive. At NELHA, John Craven pioneered “Skywater” which is basically using deep cold water in coils exposed to outside air to condense the humidity into pure fresh water. Another alternative is to dedicate a portion of the Hydrothermal Power generated to desalinate ocean water, thereby providing an abundant new supply of healthy drinking water. In the April 2010, special issue of National Geographic dedicated to water, an article outlines “three technologies to reduce the energy requirements of desalination by up to 30 percent”. The technologies are Forward Osmosis (on the market 2010-2012), Carbon Nanotubes (on the market 2013 – 2015) and Biometrics (on the market 2013 – 2015) (Lange 2010). 4 - Hydrothermal Fuel Generation Fuel to power land, air and sea vehicles may be generated from Hydrothermal Energy. The process may be initiated by exposing filtered humid air to the cold seawater in a closed circuit, generating pure liquid H2O. Through the process of electrolysis, direct current electricity from Hydrothermal Power Generation may be used to drive off the hydrogen molecules from the water. The resulting hydrogen gas may be liquefied by another dedicated hydrothermal energy turbine, driving a compressor to produce hydrogen fuel. The downside of hydrogen fuel, however, is the relatively high cost to assure safety in transport. Alternatively, nitrogen may be sequestered from air and combined with the hydrogen gas to form ammonia NH3, which is an excellent fuel and relatively safe in transport. This illuminates a path to a source of fuel beyond the hydrocarbon era. Island countries, such as the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, with warm inland saline lakes, and deep cold water just off shore may then produce all their cooling and electrical power needed and be self sufficient for fuel needs. They may export the fuel that is in excess of their needs creating a new source of wealth. 5 - Hydrothermal Water Treatment Along with hydrogen production in the electrolysis process, oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct. Oxygen gas may be collected to provide an abundant source of low cost oxygen to clean waste water for re-use or for benign re-introduction to the environment. The oxygen may also be an additional revenue source. The Linde company, a renown provider of industrial gas, gives its customers guidance for utilizing industrial gases such as oxygen. Linde’s paper “Enhanced Waste Water Treatment with Pure Oxygen” (“Enhanced,” 2009) may serve as a good reference to use the liberated oxygen in the previously mentioned Hydrogen Fuel Generation process. 6 - Cold Water Agriculture and Mariculture As previously mentioned the Natural Energy Laboratory in Hawaii (NELHA) has established not only the feasibility of deep ocean technologies but demonstrated the commercial viability by their tenants of auxiliary benefits such as agriculture and mariculture (“NELHA”, 2011). The use of cold natural water to increase output of agriculture and seafood was pioneered by ocean energy expert Dr. John Craven in Hawaii. ColdAGTM has the potential to triple coastal farming output. As Dr. Craven explains in a video on Deep Ocean Water Agriculture, “cold deep ocean water is pumped through irrigation pipes embedded in the soil. No salt water touches the earth but the ground is cold (10°C / 50°F). This produces condensate on the pipes just like drip irrigation. But more than that, a temperature gradient exists between root and flower that pumps phosphates and nitrates into the plant with a Carnot efficiency that is at least three times greater than nature can provide. The Page | 7PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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