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Figure 7: One pass counter-current flow shell and tube heat exchanger (Incropera) [6] 5.2 RANKINE CYCLE DESIGN Figure 8: Infinity vapour turbine [7] 5.3 FLUID MECHANICS DESIGN Another aspect being considered is the optimization of the fluid flow. Duct sizing is such that laminar flow is achieved; this is for reduced frictional losses. Flow in the heat exchanger is being designed for turbulent flow so as to achieve effective heat transfer. This will be determined by use of the Reynolds Number as in equation 6 below. Re = ρVl/μ [6] where: ρ is density , V is Velocity, l is characteristic Length and μ is viscosity. The critical values of the Reynolds number for fully developed flow in the ducting of diameter D, are: laminar flow occurs when ReD < 2300 and turbulent flow occurs when ReD > 4000 'transition' flows (i.e. combination of laminar and turbulent flows) occur between 2300 and 4000. Other factors such as fouling and erosion also need to be considered. 6. OVERVIEW OF SIMILAR DESIGN CONCEPT The design concept presented in this paper is based on based on Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), a power generation method wherein the heat energy associated with temperature difference between the warm surface water and cold deep water of the ocean is converted into electricity [8 - 11]. Considerable research has been conducted through numerous theoretical and experimental studies. The latest achievements in OTEC Technology are as follows: In 1979, the first 50-kilowatt (electric) (kWe) closed- cycle OTEC demonstration plant went up at NELHA. This “Mini-OTEC” was mounted on a converted U.S. Navy barge moored approximately 2 kilometers off Keahole Point. The plant used cold-water pipe to produce 52 kWe of gross power and 15 kWe net power. In 1981, Japan demonstrated a shore-based, 100 kWe closed-cycle plant in the Republic of Nauru in Pacific Ocean. This plant employed cold-water pipe laid on the sea bed to a depth of 580 meters and produced 31.5 of net power during continuous operating tests. In May 1993, an open-cycle OTEC plant at Keahole Point, Hawaii, produced 50 000 watts of electricity during a net power-producing experiment [12]. Commercial OTEC plants must be located in an environment that is stable enough for efficient system operation. The temperature of the warm surface seawater must differ about ΔT = 20oC from that of cold deep water that is no more than about 1000 meters. Most less- developed countries with adequate Ocean-thermal resources have natural ocean thermal gradient of ΔT = 18 – 22 oC at approximately 25 km distance from resource to shore and 10 km or less for Islands. The available temperature amounting to only 20oC may well be called a “technology limit” [13]. Performance simulation of solar-boosted ocean thermal energy conversion plant (SOTEC) was studied by Noboru, Y., et. This OTEC system uses solar-thermal energy as a secondary heat source at Kumejima Island in southern part of Japan. The results show that the proposed SOTEC plant (ηnet = 6.3%) can potentially enhance the annual mean net thermal efficiency up to a value that is approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the conventional OTEC plant (ηnet = 2.3 %) if a single-glazed flat-plate collector of 5000 m2 effective area is installed to boost the temperature of the warm sea water by 20K [14]. In the offshore plant the length the thickness of both warm water and cold-water piping (CWP) results in higher capital costs of the subsystem and cost of electricity. The increase in power systems costs for The main components on the power cycle include the turbine, the condenser, the pump and the heat exchanger. The 10 kilowatt IT10 Vapour Turbine kit includes the evaporator, turbine generator, direct drive PM generator, water cooled condenser and feedwater pump.PDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
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