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onshore application results from the increased pump power requirement, which in turn means larger heat exchangers. The system requires expensive advanced underwater transmission cable or deep-water mooring technologies. Higher operating and maintenance costs further increases the capital costs of the facility. The proposed conceptual design of approximately 10 kW seeks to address some short comings of the OTEC system. The advantages of the system lie more in eliminating of technological risks such as the elimination of underwater transmission cable and deep-water mooring technologies, and the lowering of operations and maintenance costs. The reduced pump power requirement, would in turn require smaller heat exchangers. Costs of both warm-water and cold-water pipes of larger diameters and lengths are to be reduced to minimum. The above factors, i.e. heat exchanger, piping and added short construction period appear to have by far the most significant impact on reducing total system capital cost. This will result in a gross power almost equal to net power due to reduced requirements on piping and losses such as transmission and pumping. 7. A 10-kW PILOT PLANT: UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL EXPERIENCE AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH The low temperature solar thermal conversion system is designed as an off-grid facility to achieve higher energy conversion efficiencies. Being a land-based facility, it will not require sophisticated mooring, lengthy power cables, or more extensive maintenance associated with open- ocean environments. The system will use solar-thermal energy as a primary heat source. Solar water heater collectors have been developed and tested at the University of KwaZulu-Natal over the past few years. On clear day, with an ambient temperature of about 25oC, the average temperature of the solar water collector was 60oC [15]. Another added advantage to the facility will be the introduction of solar air heater with an average air temperature of 75oC [16]. The typical low-cost solar- thermal collectors are expected to increase the turbine inlet temperature of the working fluid (Ammonia). The system will have a natural “land” thermal gradient of over ΔT = 40oC, thus breaking the “technology limit”. In this phase of the research a demonstration prototype of the Adapted Rankine cycle will be implemented on the basis of the design concept of sections 5 to 7 above, using an organic fluid as a working fluid and employing low to medium temperature flat solar thermal collectors. 8. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Among the analyses that will be conducted will be thermodynamic analysis, heat and mass transfer analyses, economic and environmental (including carbon emissions) analyses. Thermodynamic analyses will also included standard plots such as pressure versus volume (P-V) and temperature versus entropy (T-S); these are the two types of charts generally used to analyze a thermodynamic power cycle. The area under a process curve on a p-V diagram is equal to the work performed by the system during the process. The area under a process curve on a T- s diagram is related to the amount of heat transferred to the system. Heat and mass transfer optimization will be conducted to determine to what extent achieving an optimal flow process could enhance cycle efficiencies and minimize heat losses. Economic and Environment analyses are not the main focus of this research. Nevertheless these will be conducted to satisfy inquisition. The economic aspects will attempt to determine cost savings as well as payback periods that would be attained as a result of improvements in energy efficiencies of plants or households from the use of low temperature solar thermal (or waste heat) to generate power. On the other hand environmental review will examine to what extent the process could yield carbon emissions offsets and how the process could be applied to available emissions trade mechanisms. 9. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK The research proposal has presented a design concept of the modified Rankine cycle based on low temperature solar thermal energy conversion. The research only focuses on low temperature solar. High temperature solar thermal concept plants have been demonstrated through installations at Mojave desert Ca1ifornia, USA (354 MWe initial installed capacity), and in Spain at Andalusia and also near Seville. In 2003 a total of 2.7 GWe demonstration projects had been planned. The main difference between low temperature- and high temperature thermal energy conversion systems lies in the heat sources and working fluids; with the high temperature systems, usually operating on water and steam, and the low temperature schemes on a variety of fluids ranging from organic fluids to refrigerants. Water and steam if used on the low temperature applications the wet steam will usually cause pitting and erosion on the turbine blades, resulting in losses in efficiency and high maintenance costs. Progress is being made with regard to research on low temperature thermal energy conversion; particularly energy sources targeted include Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), GeoThermal Energy Conversion (GeoTEC), waste heat, biomass, and Solar Thermal Energy Conversion (SoTEC), as well as combinations of these such as Solar assisted Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (SOTEC). Nishith and Santanu have documented mathematically simulated performance data (computed with Refprop software) for various working fluids operated on low heat sources with maximum and condensation temperatures of the cycle assumed to be 120oC and 40oC. Thermal cycle efficiencies ranged from 9.9 – 14.1 % for the basic cycle; 11.5 – 14.6 % with regeneration; 11.4 – 15.1% withPDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
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