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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation Basing also on the likely relationship between historic temperature change and carbon dioxide concentration (see again Figure 1.5), it is commonly accepted that these emissions will probably lead to an increase of average temperature of Earth’s near- surface air and oceans (the so called Global warming), with dramatic consequences on environment and, consequently, on world population [1.5]. It is therefore essential to adopt effective strategies to limit the emission of CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol [1.6] represented the first actual international agreement in this sense, even if its practical results have been quite unsatisfying, mainly because it did not provide any limitations for emissions in the developing countries. Pending the conclusions of the United Nations Climate Conference that will be held in Copenhagen in December 2009, European Union in 2008 fixed the so called 20-20-20 plan: the aim is to reach by 2020 a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with 1990 levels, a 20% cut in energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and a 20% increase in the use of renewable energies (in particular, biofuels incidence in transports will have to be 10%) [1.7]. International Energy Agency (IEA) has recently proposed alternative plans, called 550 and 450 Policy Scenarios, for the evolution of GHG emissions (Figure 1.7), that aim at a long term stabilisation of the CO2 concentration in atmosphere at 550 ppm or 450 ppm, thus limiting the temperature increase respectively to 3°C or 2°C compared to the pre-industrial age, that should avoid or limit environmental consequences [1.2]. Figure 1.7 – IEA 550 and 450 Policy Scenarios [1.2]. 9PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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