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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation As can be observed, this result would be achieved basing on four great pillars: • a higher global efficiency, referring both to power plants and, above all, on the rationalisation of energy end-use: this point represents the most important contribution; • a wider use of renewable energies and biofuels; • the adoption on large scale of the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) techniques, that allow to separate carbon dioxide and confine it in underground geological formations or oceans; • the construction of new nuclear power plants. Renewable sources are therefore meant to be widely used in the near future for energy production, also considering, apart from greenhouse gas emissions issues, the problems related to unstable prices of fossil fuels and to their provisioning, that can be sometimes difficult. Thanks to its peculiar characteristics that will be discussed hereinafter, biomass can play a very important role amongst them. Presently it already represents a considerable energy source and in particular, as shown in Figures 1.3 and 1.4, its share is the largest among the renewable sources (excluding hydro for power generation): it supplies 10% of the whole primary energy demand and 1% of the electricity production. It should be noted that statistics generally associate biomass and waste, but the former provides the most important contribution, above all for the first datum, which is due to the fact that biomass is often the unique energy source in undeveloped countries, being used for food cooking, heating by direct combustion, etc. In detail in 20051 the incidence of biomass on gross domestic energy demand was 3.5% in OECD area, 4.6% in EU (with peaks of 16% in Finland, 15% in Sweden and 12% in Austria) and 19% in undeveloped countries, with frequent values of 30-40% and even 90% in the poorest ones: OECD countries consume 50% of the world primary energy, but only 17% of total biomass. Obviously in OECD area biomass is exploited with modern technologies for power, heat (in case district heating) and CHP production: 80% of electricity production from 1 Previous figures are based on 2006 global data, while detailed data, disaggregated for the different areas, are available for the year 2005: possible differences are however considered negligible for this discussion. 10PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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