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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation (power or heat demand, transports, etc.) and results are strongly influenced by this choice. However, in conclusion, the installed capacity that could likely be reached in the near future can be roughly fixed at about 2000 MWel, at least half of which from solid biomass: this value, even if in the next decade total available capacity is expected to grow up to about 90 GWel [1.23], makes biomass an important option for power generation in Italy for the near future. 1.3 Biomass and its chains 1.3.1 The resource The term biomass defines a broad category of compounds characterised by an organic matrix and produced by living organisms (vegetable or animal). In general biomass directly or indirectly originates from the process of photosynthesis and thus constitutes an important renewable energy source derived from the Sun. However, fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), though they were formed in past eras starting from organic vegetable and animal matter, and their derivatives (such as plastics) are not considered biomass. The following materials are instead included in the definition: • woody and herbaceous species deriving from agricultural crops and forestry; • agricultural and forestry residues (straw, brushwood, barks, etc.); • agro-industrial residues (rice husk, olive residues, bagasse, etc.); • livestock residues (animal manure, etc.); • organic fraction of municipal solid waste, also called humid fraction3. As one can see, most of these species has vegetable origin and also concerning livestock residues, it must be noted that vegetables are the basic element of animal feeding. Some examples of biomass are shown in Figure 1.8. 3 As discussed above, this point is often the base of the different criteria adopted in conducting statistical surveys: sometimes it is not possible to distinguish between organic and inorganic fraction of MSW, and so it is taken into account on the whole; in other cases also the humid fraction is considered separately and so a distinction between natural biomass and waste is made. 14PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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