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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation 3. it can be converted in solid, liquid or gaseous fuels and then utilised through a combustion process – coupled with well known technologies, tailored to the purpose (steam cycles, reciprocating engines, turbines, etc.) – that allows not only power but also heat production (while the other renewable energies are mostly used only for power generation); 4. it allows the exploitation of unemployed areas with dedicated crops or the conversion of agricultural lands, generating positive occupational implications. It is important to note that an energy source is considered renewable if it is naturally replenished at a rate that is greater or at least equal to the consumption one. Hence for an environmentally sustainable utilisation of biomass, it is necessary to couple the collection of natural material with a following process of reinstatement (reforestation, etc.) and not to just collect (as indeed occurs in many parts of Earth). On the other hand, biomass is penalised by some disadvantages (that, however, are not likely to affect the whole attractiveness of the resource): 1. it has low energy density, both in terms of lower heating value (LHV), that for dry solid biomass is about 15 ÷ 20 MJ/kg (versus 42 MJ/kg of oil and 50 MJ/kg of methane) and, more in general, in terms of land productivity, since wide areas are required to produce significant quantities of raw material (typical values are 15 ÷ 25 t/ha per year); 2. due to the previous point, logistics (concerning transport, storage and handling) is complex and expensive; 3. production is generally not constant during the year and it is strongly dependent on weather and environmental conditions; 4. production is not cost-free, because crops need irrigation and fertilisers (a similar concept is valid for livestock holdings). In particular, the first point is a key factor for biomass power plants and must be discussed. In fact it can be calculated that 1 MWel-size plants consume about 5000 t of dry raw material per year: this implies that, considering the above mentioned values of land productivity, a cultivated area of 200 ÷ 350 ha is required, but due to the presence of other crops or urban territories, the area actually interested is much wider (at least ten fold). Moreover, this is valid for dedicated crops: the evaluation is still more onerous if residues are used. Therefore it is easy to understand that it is difficult to supply large 16PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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