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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation At the end of their life cycle, vegetables return the energy and the substances previously stored. This can happen by natural decomposition (also called cold combustion), a slow and unusable process, or by an actual combustion, where the energy is rapidly released by the oxidation process and then employed for useful purposes. In both cases the chemical reaction is however the same and is the exact opposite of (1.1): C6H12O6 +6O2 →6CO2 +6H2O+energy (1.2) In this process the oxygen produced during photosynthesis is consumed, while carbon dioxide and water, that were previously the reactants, are now released. Therefore the whole process is a sort of closed cycle, with globally no emissions of carbon dioxide, thus proving CO2-neutrality of biomass. Naturally, this cannot be considered completely true because one has to take into account the primary energy consumption (and the consequent emissions) related to collection, transport and conversion phases. Indeed, this point is common to all renewable energies (e.g. production and installation of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, etc.). Photosynthetic process is quite inefficient, in terms of chemical energy fixed in biomass (and then available as lower heating value) compared to the incident solar radiation. Firstly, only visible fraction of sunlight (the one having wavelength included in the range 0.4 ÷ 0.7 μm), that represents about half of the total, is effective for photosynthesis. Part is then reflected by the leaf or passes through it or is transmitted to it in the form of heat, thus determining that just 40% of solar radiation is actually available for the process. In particular, red and blue fractions of the light are mostly absorbed, while the green one is mainly reflected, thus giving the leaves their characteristic colour. Then obviously the process is not ideal, but presents a thermodynamic efficiency that is typically around 30%. Finally, part of the energy thus produced (about 40%) is used for the internal metabolism of the plant, so that maximum theoretical efficiency is limited to 7% (moreover, this is valid only for the most efficient plants, otherwise it can be equal to the half, or even less). Due to imperfect conditions in terms of light, temperature, water and feeding availability, real efficiencies are then much lower and typically settle at 0.15 ÷ 0.50%. Table 1.2 summarises the progressive contributions of these loss factors and the achievable efficiencies. 18PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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