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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation Process/factor Solar radiation out of effective spectrum Reflection, transmission, crossover Photosynthesis process losses Plant metabolism need Total energy losses Maximum theoretical efficiency Average real efficiency Progressive percentage energy losses 50% 10% 28% 5% 93% 7% 0.15 ÷ 0.50% Table 1.2 – Photosynthesis energy losses and efficiencies (adapted from [1.25]). Despite this poor performance and even considering that biomass is obviously not present on the entire global surface, since Earth every year receives a huge amount of energy by the Sun (about 92,000 Gtoe, net of reflection, that would correspond to eight thousand times world primary energy needs – see figure 1.2), in this period about 200 billion tons of CO2 are fixed in biomass through photosynthesis: the equivalent energy is about 72 Gtoe, that is still six times higher than the annual world primary energy consumption. Of course this is a theoretical potential that cannot be completely exploited, as easily inferable from the values shown in Section 1.2 [1.8]. 1.3.3 Conversion principles and chains There are several methods that allow the conversion of biomass into energy, but as general concept it is always at first transformed in an easily manageable form (solid, liquid or gaseous) and then used for different purposes. Biomass composition strongly influences the choice of the conversion process. In particular two factors are decisive in this sense: water content (i.e. moisture) and carbon-nitrogen content ratio (C/N). If the former is lower than 30% and the latter is greater than 30, thermochemical processes, in which heat exchanges are strongly involved, are more suitable; on the other hand, if moisture is higher than 30% and C/N ratio is lower than 30, biochemical process (in which biological species, such as bacteria, take part) are preferred. If then biomass is rich of oils (that for the most used seeds can reach 35 ÷ 50% of the total composition), chemical-physical processes are 19PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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