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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation into account. However systems specifically dedicated to heat generation, like for instance domestic boilers, have not been considered. Besides, lignocellulosic biomass (and, signally, woody one) was chosen as reference fuel for the simulated plants. This because liquid biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) are mainly used for transports, and so starchy, sugary and oleaginous plants, from which they are produced by alcoholic fermentation and oil esterification, can be neglected in this work (even if, in general, these fuels can be used for power or heat generation too). Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion starting from livestock manure, as well as from humid fraction of municipal solid waste, is instead used for power (or CHP) generation, but this represents a quite specific and limited chain, while woody biomass is the most abundant and available type, and its chain is thus the most relevant. As visible in Figure 1.9 and as discussed hereinafter, lignocellulosic biomass has an high carbon and a low nitrogen content, so that C/N ratio is typically much greater than 30, and a limited moisture level (in case, it can be easily reduced under 30% if starting value is higher): this implies that the most suitable conversion processes are the thermochemical ones. These will be fully described in Section 1.5, after discussing woody biomass properties. For completeness, instead the most important biochemical and physical-chemical processes are here briefly presented (see ref. [1.25]). 1.3.3.1 Alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation is a micro-aerophyl process that operates a transformation of carbohydrates in ethylic alcohol (C2H5OH), that is thus called bioethanol, according to the following elementary reaction: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (1.3) Hence this process is applied to sugary materials, like sugarcane, beet, some fruits, etc. and to starchy ones, like corn, barley, potato, etc. Alternatively bioethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, like straw or wood waste: in this case the material is hydrolysed by treatment with sulphuric acid in order to produce sugars, that are then subject to fermentation adopting genetically modified bacterial floras. 21PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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