SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION

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SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION ( small-scale-biomass-power-generation )

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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation optimising the efficiency both in spatial and temporal terms, i.e. maximising the density per cultivated hectare and reducing the biomass collection cycle to one or two years; • using waste products of wood industry (sawmills, furniture factories, etc.). The latter point, a part from being obviously convenient in global terms, is particularly suitable in the Italian context, where there are several wood industry districts (especially in the northern part of the country) and where it is then possible a coordinated exploitation of the resource (see for instance ref. [1.27]). 1.4.1 Chemical properties As already said, woody biomass belongs to lignocellulosic species: this because its main constituents are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide, composed by glucose molecules (in number of 500 ÷ 1500) bounded together to form a long linear chain. The resulting chemical formula is (C6H10O5)n. It is the main component of the cell wall in all vegetable cells, giving strength to the plant, and it represents about 40 ÷ 50% of the wood. Hemicellulose is a polysaccharide with a low molecular weight, constituting 10 ÷ 20% of wood, that is present in plant cell walls, in the spaces let free by cellulose. While the latter is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure with little strength and is easily hydrolysable. Lignin is the component that differentiates wood from the other vegetable organisms and represents the remaining 20 ÷ 40%. It is constituted by a mixture of low molecular weight phenolic polymers. Its main functions are to provide rigidity to the cell walls and to allow the connection between the cells of the wood, creating a material highly resistant to impact, compression and bending. In addition to these three main elements, in wood there are several others components: organic (like resin, rubber, fats, etc.), present in lumen and cell wall, and inorganic (like calcium, magnesium, sodium salts), that can be found in ashes after the combustion. These considerations are valid in general for all wood types, but it is obvious that different species have different (though similar) specific composition. Generally this information is provided with two criteria: proximate and ultimate analyses. Proximate 24

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