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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation analysis is a more immediate evaluation that distinguishes between volatile matter (VM, the part of biomass that is released as gas during a heating process) and fixed carbon (FC, the part that in the same process remains as solid char), only. On the other hand, ultimate analysis gives the elemental composition of biomass, thus indicating, independently from their form, the quantity of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen (the main components) and, normally, of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine. Both of the analyses, however, consider moisture and ash separately. Compositions of some woody biomass types on dry basis (db), thus neglecting moisture, are presented in Table 1.3. Name Beech Black Locust Douglas Fir Ponderosa Pine Poplar Red Alder Redwood Western Hemlock Yellow Pine White Fir White Oak Madrone Mango Wood FC VM Ash C H O N S 24.15 75.20 0.65 18.26 80.94 0.80 17.70 81.50 0.80 17.17 82.54 0.29 14.74 84.61 0.65 12.50 87.10 0.40 16.10 83.50 0.40 14.20 83.80 2.00 15.45 83.24 1.31 16.58 83.17 0.25 17.20 81.28 1.52 12.00 87.80 0.20 11.38 85.64 2.98 51.64 6.26 50.96 5.71 52.30 6.30 49.27 5.99 51.64 6.26 49.56 6.06 53.30 5.90 50.90 5.80 51.59 7.00 49.00 5.98 49.61 5.38 48.94 6.03 46.24 6.08 41.45 0.00 0.00 41.95 0.57 0.01 40.50 0.10 0.00 44.36 0.06 0.03 41.45 0.00 0.00 43.78 0.13 0.07 40.30 0.10 0.00 41.10 0.10 0.10 40.10 0.00 0.00 44.71 0.05 0.01 43.13 0.35 0.01 44.76 0.05 0.02 44.42 0.28 0.00 Table 1.3 – Composition of some woody biomass types (% w/w, db) ([1.28] and [TF]). As one can see, volatile matter is largely prevalent, as it represents about 75 ÷ 87% of the total, while fixed carbon seldom exceeds 20%, as well as ash is typically limited to 0.5 ÷ 1.5% (the value rises to about 5 ÷ 8% in the bark). Also ultimate composition is very constant: carbon percentage is always around 50%, oxygen is slightly above 40% while hydrogen is limited in the range 5 ÷ 7%. Finally, nitrogen and sulphur are present in very small quantities (chlorine datum would be analogous to sulphur one), which is a positive point as regards emissions. Therefore biomass is quite different from coal, that is instead characterised by low volatile matter (normally not higher than 40%) and high ash (even more than 10%) and sulphur (up to 5%) contents. 25PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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