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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation 1.4.2 Physical properties Moisture and density are wood physical features having a relevance on conversion processes. In particular, the former is a factor of paramount importance, because it also influences chemical and energy characteristics of biomass, and the density itself. Moisture indicates the water content (both in free or bound form) in the wood, which can be evaluated both on dry (1.5) or wet basis, wb (1.6), the latter being largely more used (unless otherwise specified, this expression will be considered henceforth): hdry = mtot − mdry ⋅100 (%) (1.5) m dry hwet = mtot − mdry ⋅100 (%) (1.6) m tot where mtot represents the total mass, thus including moisture, mdry is the mass of the dry substance, while the difference between the two indicates the moisture mass, obviously. Moisture in wood is variable: it can have different values after felling depending on species, age, part of the tree and season. Generally it is lower in broad-leaved plants rather than in conifers, in the bottom parts of the plant rather than in the top ones and in summer rather than in winter. However, typical values are about 40 ÷ 50%. If then biomass is subject to a natural drying in air (seasoning), moisture can decrease below 20% (complete removal, instead, is possible only by artificial way). The influence of moisture on energy performance is being discussed in the next section. Density is an important parameter too, since it expresses the quantity of mass in the unit of volume: obviously it is more advantageous if, given a certain volume (and thus a certain burden in terms of logistics), the mass there included is higher. In fact this implies a greater LHV per unit of volume and thus a lower relative incidence of transport, storage and handling in the economy of the chain. For these reasons, many compaction treatments have been developed to increase feedstock density, signally dedicated to wood residues having small granulometry (wood shaving, sawdust, etc. ): the most important ones are pelleting (pellets are small cylinders of 5 ÷ 10 mm diameter 26PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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