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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation and 20 ÷ 40 mm length) and briquetting (briquettes are blocks having parallelepiped or cylinder shape with dimensions in the range 50 ÷ 300 mm). Apart from high energy density, stability and uniformity of the shape, these densified products are also characterised by low moisture percentage (lower than 10%, thanks to artificial drying treatments). Obviously, compaction processes are not applied to big wood pieces. However, in order to make the composition more homogeneous, these materials are normally subject to chipping, that is a mechanical operation reducing different size wood stocks in small chips (thus the name). This is a very important operation, as biomass dimensional homogeneity is vital for combustion efficiency. 1.4.3 Energy properties From an energy point of view, the most important feature of a fuel is its heating value, that quantifies the heat generated by complete combustion of a unit mass of the material. As well known, a distinction is made between lower and higher heating value (LHV and HHV), depending on whether the latent heat of condensation of the water vapour produced in the combustion process is recovered (HHV) or not (LHV). HHV is mostly used in America, while LHV is preferred in Europe: actually in most cases water is discharged in atmosphere with flue gases in vapour phase, so LHV is more proper (and is always used in this work). For completeness, the relationship between these two parameters is presented: LHVdry =HHVdry –9·H·q (1.7) where H is the hydrogen content in the dry biomass (5 ÷ 7%, as mentioned before) and q is water condensation heat, that is equal to 2.4 MJ/kg; the subscript dry obviously indicates that the values are referred to dry basis, while the factor 9 relates to the fact that the produced water quantity is nine times higher than the hydrogen content. It must be noted that, precisely because discussion has been done on dry basis, here water vapour is only related to the presence of hydrogen in the structure of the fuel, that gives water in the combustion process, and is not associated to the moisture content: thus the formula. The difference between HHV and LHV is typically equal to 1 ÷ 1.5 MJ/kg. 27PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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