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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation facilitates the process (although this determines the erosion of the furnace walls). However, biomass dust is mostly used as additional fuel (5 ÷ 10%) in coal-fed plants, in order to exploit the resource in more efficient and already existing plants, that besides thus become partially renewable (this is the so called co-combustion). 1.5.1.2 Emissions When a combustion process takes place, pollutant emissions are released together with thermal energy. Several factors influence their production (heat transfer mechanism, air excess, moisture level, thermal inertia, etc.) but, of course, biomass composition is the most relevant point. The effects of the various elements present in the biomass are briefly discussed in this section, while a deeper analysis of polluting substances of syngas from gasification will follow afterwards, together with the description of the abatement technologies (which indeed are analogous in both cases). As shown in Section 1.4.1, apart from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, the main components of biomass are nitrogen, chlorine, sulphur and ash: pollutants are mostly formed starting from them5. Nitrogen compounds generated during combustion are mainly NOx, harmful for human health because they determine ozone destruction and several diseases (affecting blood, lungs). When temperatures are limited to 800 ÷ 1100°C, like for biomass combustion, NOx are mainly formed starting from the nitrogen contained in the fuel (fuel NOx), that therefore must preferably be present in small quantities6. Chlorine vaporises almost completely during combustion, forming on one hand Cl2 and HCl, discharged in gaseous form at the stake, with possible formation of dioxins and furans (carcinogens compounds) and on the other hand alkali chlorides which condensate, with diminishing temperature, on the surface of volatile ash particles (fly- ash) and of the exchangers, having corrosive effects. Dioxins and furans formation takes 5 In addition, all the compounds produced as a result of a potential incomplete combustion, such as CO, soot, etc., should obviously be taken into account. 6 Instead, when flame temperature is higher, like for pulverised biomass or fossil fuels (in the latter case it can even reach 2000°C), the dissociation of air nitrogen takes place: it then reacts with oxygen supplying the largely most substantial contribution of NOx (in this case called thermal NOx). 34PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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