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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation place by means of a heterogeneous reaction on the surface of fly-ash particles in the presence of carbon and oxygen at temperatures included between 250 and 500°C: hence little quantities of fly-ash particles in the flue gases, as a result of a complete combustion, are decisive to limit their production, together with low air excess and low concentration of chlorine in the biomass input. Sulphur is converted into SOx and alkali sulphates during the combustion process. Similarly to what happens to chlorine with HCl, sulphur compounds mainly pass in vapour phase during the combustion and then, as gases get colder, condensate on the surface of fly-ash particles and pipes, generating corrosion phenomena. Ash represents the non-aqueous solid residue of the combustion of a fuel, mainly composed by highly oxidised substances, having high melting and boiling points, such as ionic compounds of metals (especially carbonates and oxides). In general the most important issues in biomass combustors or boilers are: • the formation of fused or partly-fused agglomerates and slag deposits at high temperatures within furnaces; • the formation, on the other hand, of bonded ash deposits at lower temperatures on solid surfaces; • the accelerated metal wastage of the furnace components, due to corrosion, erosion and abrasion phenomena related to ash deposits or particle impacts; • the formation and emission of sub-micron aerosol and fumes. Indeed, ash of woody biomass has a high melting point (> 1000°C), so these issues are less onerous compared with herbaceous one (whose ash can have a melting point lower than 700°C). However, in addition to the previous points, handling and subsequent utilisation or disposal of ash residues must be taken into account. In this sense, it is important to note that wood ash can be used as a fertiliser (after proper treatments). Basing on particle size, ash is classified in the following three types: • bottom-ash, the heaviest one, that remains on the grate or in the sand bed after the combustion (it represents about 60 ÷ 90% of the total ash); • cyclone-ash, a lighter class, that is swept away by the gases but can easily be separated by inertial systems, like cyclones (10 ÷ 35%); • fly-ash, the smallest fraction, that require more complex separation devices to be removed (2 ÷ 10%) [1.30]. 35PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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