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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation 1.5.2 Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process, mainly applied to lignocellulosic materials, consisting in a degradation of organic polymers and mineral substances of biomass obtained by means of heat supplied in absence of oxygen, at temperatures varying between 400°C and 800°C. The main product is normally considered the liquid phase (bio-oil), essentially composed of tars, oils and water, but solid char and a gaseous phase (a mixture of CO, CO2, CH4, etc.) are also produced. These products are then used in substitution of conventional fuel in many applications. Indeed, operative conditions (above all in terms of temperature and reaction time) are fixed in order to regulate the mutual proportion of the products. As a general rule, increasing temperature and reducing residence time determine a gradual increase in the production of lighter phases. In fact in the so called slow pyrolysis (400 ÷ 500°C and very long reaction time, of the order of minutes) the production of charcoal is maximised (for this reason the process can be also called carbonisation), achieving 35% in weight, corresponding to 50% of energy content, with analogous proportion of the other two phases; in fast pyrolysis one can have a maximisation (even > 80% in weight) either of the liquid production, with temperatures ranging in 500 ÷ 650°C and reaction times equal to one or some seconds, or of the gaseous one, with temperatures higher than 700°C and faster reactions (less than one second: in this case the phenomenon is often called flash pyrolysis); finally, conventional pyrolysis leads, at temperature lower than 600°C and medium residence time (tens of seconds), to an intermediate composition, with a certain preponderance of the bio-oil (roughly 50% versus 25% of the other two phases). 1.5.3 Gasification Gasification is a thermochemical process consisting in the conversion of solid or heavy liquid fuels (coal, biomass, tars) into gaseous ones, by means of a incomplete oxidation at high temperature (800 ÷ 1000°C) with a controlled substoichiometric amount of oxygen (pure or contained in air or steam): the equivalence ratio, i.e. the ratio of oxidant supplied to that required for complete combustion, is typically 0.25 ÷ 0.40. 36PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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