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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation High volatility, carbon reactivity, low content of sulphur and ash are all chemical properties that make biomass particularly suitable for gasification. In fact the process, compared to other materials (signally coal), can be conducted at lower temperature, taking less time and with fewer problems regarding emissions and corrosion of the reactor walls. On the other hand, biomass moisture and low energy density are two significant disadvantages. Not much differently from combustion (indeed, as mentioned before, the processes often overlap), the gasification process is composed of four stages: drying, devolatilisation, solid char and volatile products partial oxidation and final reactions (mainly reduction type) among the gases previously given off. A scheme of the main reactions taking place in a gasifier is shown in Table 1.5. Reactions Heterogeneous reactions Combustion C + 1⁄2 O2 → CO (partial oxidation) C + O2 → CO2 (total oxidation) Pyrolysis 4CnHm →mCH4 +(4n–m)C Gasification C + CO2 → 2 CO (Boudouard) C + H2O → CO + H2 (carbon reforming) C + 2 H2 → CH4 (hydrogasification) Homogeneous reactions Gas-phase reactions CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (water gas shift) CO + 3 H2 → CH4 + H2O (methanation) Enthalpy of reaction [kJ/mol] -110.6 -393.7 exothermic 158.7 131.4 -74.9 -40.9 -206.3 Table 1.5 – Main reactions in a biomass gasification process (adapted from [1.29]). As already mentioned, the main product of the process is a gaseous fuel, called syngas (sometimes product gas or producer gas7), although solid charcoal and liquid tars are also produced. Syngas is mainly composed of incomplete combustion products (above all CO, in addition light hydrocarbons, such as CH4) and of H2 and CO2. However, 7 In this case the gas is named syngas after the clean-up treatment only. 37PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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