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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation actual composition depends on several parameters: gasifier type, biomass type, working temperature, pressure and so on. Among these, one of the most important is the adopted oxidant agent. In fact, as one can see in Table 1.6, there is a big difference whether air, oxygen or steam are used. CO CO2 H2 CH4 C2H4 N2 LHV [MJ/Nm3] Air Oxygen 15-25 30-37 5-15 25-29 10-20 30-34 1-3 4-6 0-1 1 43-55 2-5 4-6 9-11 Steam 32-41 17-19 24-26 11-12 2-3 2-3 12-15 Table 1.6 – Typical syngas molar percentage composition as a function of the oxidant agent (own elaboration based on several data). In particular, one can observe that in the first case a conspicuous quantity of nitrogen (derived from air) is found in the syngas (its content is about half of the total), having a diluting action, so that LHV results much lower than in the other two cases. It must be also noted that reported compositions are on dry basis, since water, that is present in different percentages at gasifier output, is normally separated. It is quite easy to understand that all small-scale plants, like those considered in this work, use air as oxidant agent, as they require simple and inexpensive devices and, for instance, it would not be justified to install an air separation unit (ASU), necessary to extract oxygen from air in case of gasification with this agent, as well as all the systems required for steam production. Gasifiers require thermal feeding for their operation: normally the process is fed by the combustion of part of the solid biomass (direct feeding), but heat can also be provided from outside by means of exchangers (indirect feeding), again burning part of the solid biomass or of the syngas as well. Since gasification is an energy conversion process, it is affected by some losses, essentially heat dissipations or those related to the LHV and/or the sensible heat of the discharge matter (charcoal, ash), which however are generally limited to some percentage points. Nevertheless, since the syngas leaves the gasifier at high temperature, 38PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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