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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation it owns a relevant part of the energy output in the form of sensible heat (roughly 20%), but since before or during the necessary cleaning process it is cooled, this energy contribution is normally lost (it can be partly recovered using heat exchangers). Consequently, the parameter that quantifies the gasifier performance, understandably called cold gas efficiency, considers the syngas LHV the only useful output against the solid fuel power input, being defined as follows: ηg = (m& ⋅LHV)SYNGAS (1.9) (m& ⋅LHV)BIOMASS where the meaning of the terms is immediate, remembering that fuel power is given by the product of mass flow rate and lower heating value. Basing on what mentioned above, typical values of this parameter are 70 ÷ 80%. Nevertheless, despite the process losses, the conversion of solid fuel in a gaseous one involves a great number of advantages: it can be easily transported and stored, the emission related to its burning are lower and, above all, combustion efficiencies are higher and the fuel can be used in high-efficiency gas-fed power plants. In this regard, it must be remembered that syngas can have several applications (e.g. it can be burnt in boilers for heat generation or used in chemical processes for liquid biofuels synthesis, like the Fischer-Torpsch one,) but the main aim of this work is to focus right on power generation, hence this will be the only purpose taken into consideration. Exactly as solid biomass, syngas can be burnt in existing natural gas plants (co-combustion) or can be fired in dedicated plants: the typical solution on large scales is BIGCC (Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle), while on smaller ones, as it will be discussed, CHP with internal combustion engines, micro/small gas turbines, etc. is more proper. Finally, as mentioned above, it is important to remember that the gasification unit is constituted not only by the gasifier, but also by two other main components, i.e. the syngas cooling and cleaning systems, in addition to all the other complementary devices (dedicated to biomass storage and pretreatment, ash disposal, etc.). In fact syngas at gasifier output is rich in impurities which have to be removed and since this process normally cannot be globally carried out at high temperature, it is necessary to cool the syngas first. 39PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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