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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation 1.5.3.1 Gasifiers Gasification is not as completely proven technology, but several solutions are available at commercial level. From an operating point of view, similarly to combustors, gasifiers can be characterised by a fixed, fluidised or entrained bed (the latter corresponding as a matter of fact to pulverised biomass combustors). In the first case, basing on the direction of the relative flow between air and biomass, they can be further distinguished in updraft (counter current), downdraft (co-current) and crossdraft type, while in the second one, basing on the characteristics of the bed, a distinction can be made again in bubbling, circulating and also dual type. Table 1.7 summarises typical values of the main parameters of these reactors. Reaction temperature [°C] Output gas temperature [°C] Tar [mg/Nm3] Particulate [mg/Nm3] High 250 (104 ÷ 105) Low (50 ÷ 1000) 900 High Medium 800 (103 ÷ 104) 850 Medium 700 High 1000 Low 50 10 20 0.5 20 1 30 10 30 20 30 10 20 20 Low (100 ÷ 1000) Modest (100 ÷ 8000) Modest High (104 ÷ 105) Very high (5·104 ÷ 105) High Very high Fixed bed Fluidised bed Updraft 1000 Downdraft 1000 800 Crossdraft Bubbling Circulating Dual 900 850 850 800 1000 Entrained bed Fixed bed Fluidised bed 0.5 ÷ 10 0.1 ÷ 10 1 ÷ 10 < 2 < 1 Biomass size [cm] Maximum moisture [% w/w] Input flow capacity [t/h] Power capacity [MWel] Updraft Downdraft Crossdraft Bubbling Circulating Dual <2 1 ÷ 10 0.1 ÷ 1 0.1 ÷ 2 1 ÷ 20 2 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 50 5 ÷ 100 Entrained bed < 0.2 Table 1.7 – Typical operating parameters of gasifiers (adapted from [1.31] and [1.32]). 40PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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