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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation One can observe that fixed bed reactors are used on small scales, because of the necessity of maintaining a stable and compact bed that limits these plants dimensionally, while fluidised and entrained bed gasifiers are more suitable on larger scales, analogously to combustors (besides they would be unjustified for small sizes). As one can see, plant size is reported in electrical terms: obviously to obtain the related thermal capacity the value must be multiplied by 2.5 ÷ 5 (corresponding to average electrical efficiencies of 20 ÷ 40%). The different types of gasifiers will now be described, mainly focusing on fixed bed reactors, as obvious: all the figures showing the plant scheme are taken from [1.31]. In updraft or counter-current gasifiers (Figure 1.14) biomass and air/syngas move in opposite directions: the former is charged from the top, via a hopper (equipped with seals to avoid the leakage of syngas), and moves downwards, being hit by the hot gas flow that goes up from the bottom. Figure 1.14 – Scheme of an updraft gasifier. Biomass first encounters the drying zone, where the solid fuel frees itself from moisture thanks to the hot upward flow; pyrolysis reactions take place in the lower layer: here, always using the heat owned by the hot gases, biomass is decomposed in charcoal, tar 41PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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