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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation and pyrolysis gas, releasing its volatile matter; then there is the reduction zone and finally combustion reactions, fed by the air (or, in case, oxygen) there injected, take place on the bottom grate, where charcoal is burnt producing mainly H2O and CO2 at high temperatures. The combustion products go up through the interstices of the charcoal bed and transform part of the stored thermal energy in chemical energy (related to the LHV of H2, CO, etc.) through the globally endothermic reduction reactions, thus forming the syngas. Since the pyrolysis zone is the last one passed by the gas flow (except for the drying zone, that however is not relevant in chemical terms), the syngas exits the gasifiers rich in condensable volatile products, i.e. tars, as shown in Table 1.7. This is a favourable point from an energy point of view, because tars raise syngas LHV, but it involves some practical problems, as their condensation can produce occlusions on pipes or nozzles: for this reason such syngas is not directly usable in ICEs or GTs because the fouling in combustion chambers or valves would not be acceptable. As already mentioned, in its upward motion, the syngas releases part of its sensible heat to the biomass, yielding a full drying and a considerable pre-heating of the solid fuel, and thus leaving the reactor at low temperature. This firstly allows to feed the plant with very wet biomass (up to 50%) and then to achieve high cold gas efficiencies, because part of the energy required by the process is supplied by the syngas itself. These last considerations concerning tar contents, moisture acceptability and syngas output temperature do not apply for downdraft or co-current gasifiers, as one can understand from the schemes shown in Figure 1.15, where two of the most adopted patterns are reported: throated (or Imbert) and open-core (or stratified). In general, in such plants biomass and the oxidiser pass through the reactor in the same direction, towards the bottom8, even if the actual scheme is quite different in the two cases. In throated gasifiers, the oxidiser is injected through a set of nozzles positioned by a reduction in the reactor section, that is normally at about one third of the gasifier height, where the combustion process takes place, fed by the volatiles produced in the pyrolysis process (hence the low content of tars in the syngas). The latter occurs in the upper 8 In some configurations, understandably called “inverted”, the syngas proceeds upwards while the biomass has been previously charged on the grate filling the whole volume. However, this solution is used only for simple domestic applications, where the syngas is burnt immediately after being produced. 42PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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