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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation For circulating bed gasifiers (Figure 1.18), instead, higher velocity results in a complete mixing between the solid and the gaseous phases and it is not possible to identify a free surface in the bed: particles (of biomass and inert) that are dragged out from the bed are separated from the syngas in a cyclone, cooled in an exchanger and then reinserted in the bed. Then another cyclone separates ash from syngas, as in bubbling bed reactors. Circulating bed reactors are more compact compared with the latter, thanks to higher flow velocities, and has fewer problems concerning heat transfer, since this takes largely place out off the combustion zone, and therefore has a better performance; nevertheless it is more complex in terms of design, setting and running and is hence more expensive. Due to the homogeneous distribution of the temperature inside the bed, in fluidised bed gasifiers, differently from fixed bed ones, there are not separate reaction zones: drying, pyrolysis, combustion and reduction occur gradually in every particle. Indeed, only for these plants gasification temperature is properly defined: in fact fixed bed gasifiers (and, partly, also entrained bed ones, as will be discussed below) present different zones inside the reactor, dedicated to the various stages of the process, each one having a different temperature and therefore a gasification temperature is not univocally identifiable (generally, as shown in Table 1.7, in these cases the combustion temperature is used as reference). However, the main advantage of these devices is indeed the easy control of temperature, via air/fuel ratio, that is kept uniform: this leads to high efficiencies. Finally, the possibility of operating in pressurised conditions makes these plants suitable to be coupled with gas turbines. Dual fluidised bed gasifiers are devices made up of two different reactors: in the first one pyrolysis reactions take place, while in the second one volatiles are burnt. The combustion produces the necessary energy to feed pyrolysis in the first reactor, heating the bed. Syngas thus produced has a medium LHV, but high contents of tars and particulate. The plant is however complex and expensive, therefore this solution is not frequently adopted. Concluding, entrained bed (or flow) gasifiers are reactors typically used on large sizes (> 10 MWel), being quite complex and expensive. As already mentioned, biomass must be fed in dust form, therefore it must be ground in pieces not larger than 2 mm before entering the reactor, making these plants similar to pulverised fuel combustors. 47PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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