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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation 1.5.3.2 Syngas treatment Syngas exiting the gasifier can be directly used only if it feeds a burner for direct combustion and the user is at short distance from the output duct of the reactor. In all the other cases it has to be previously cleaned up, because otherwise the impurities contained in syngas would heavily damage pipes and the user device itself. The syngas cleaning system downstream of the reactor is an integral part of the whole gasification plant and is not less important than the reactor itself; indeed, the main problems that affect gasification technology and limit their definitive commercial rise mainly lie in this section, as will be discussed further on. Table 1.8 gives a full overview on the main contaminants that can be found in syngas, the problems related to them (concerning plant operation but also human health, considering pollutant emissions) and the technologies mostly used for their treatment. Contaminant Examples Problems Clean-up method Particulates Ash, char, fluidised bed material Erosion Filtration, scrubbing Alkali metals Sodium, potassium compounds Hot corrosion Cooling, adsorption, condensation, filtration Fuel-bound nitrogen Mainly ammonia and HCN NOx formation Scrubbing, SCR Tars Refractive aromatics Clog filters, difficult to burn, deposit internally Tar cracking, tar removal Sulphur, chlorine HCl, H2S Corrosion, emission Lime or dolomite scrubbing, absorption Table 1.8 – Syngas contaminants, their problems and clean-up methods [1.33]. The choice of the plant configuration, concerning both the reactor and the cleaning system, and signally the necessity to focus on some types of contaminants rather than on others, depends on the final use of syngas (heat generation, co-combustion, furnaces, 49PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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