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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation However, as discussed above, it is important to remember that these data have to be considered only as a rough guide (for instance, in [1.36], the limit of particulate content for gas turbine is fixed in 30 mg/Nm3). Finally, a description of the main removal devices is provided. There are two main categories of systems for particulate removal: dry and wet. In the first case particles are separated adopting physical or mechanical methods, without adding anything to syngas, while in the second case, called scrubbing, a liquid is properly used. Concerning dry systems, the mostly used devices (often adopted in combination in the same plant) are: cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters and candle filters. Cyclones, that have already been mentioned in fluidised bed combustor and gasifiers, are vertical-axis cylinders, with a conical lower part, which are tangentially entered by raw syngas: the solid particles are carried towards the walls by the centrifugal force and then fall in the bottom hopper, while clean syngas comes out from the top of the cylinder. They can efficiently (> 90%) remove particles having diameter higher than 5 μm (PM5) and moderately (> 50%) particles whose diameter is higher than 1 μm (PM1), but are ineffective at lower sizes. On the other hand, they are cheap and can also be used at high temperature. In electrostatic precipitators (ESP) syngas passes between two high voltage electrodes: the wiry emitting one (negative) charges the particles (while syngas is not involved), that are then attracted by the receiver (positive), having plate form, on which they settle. Afterwards they are removed mechanically (in this case they can be used at high temperature, i.e. at about 500°C) or using a thin water film (which limits the operating temperatures below 100°C). Removal efficiency is about 95% for PM1. Fabric filters (FF) are essentially bags, made up of various types of fabric, through which raw syngas is forced to pass: the particles are blocked by the filter structure and are then removed by shaking or insufflating air in the direction opposite to the flow. Operating temperature depends on the fabric type, but normally is not higher than 350°C. Their efficiency is very good: it can be higher than 99.5% for PM1. Candle filters consist of a series of rigid and porous cylinders, supported by a common tube sheet, that capture syngas dust passing through them and then discharge it in a lower sink, while cleaned syngas is collected in the upper space of the vessel and then 51PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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