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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation blown out. Obviously a periodic clean-up is to be planned, to avoid the formation of deposits and the consequent head losses. They can be composed of metallic (e.g. Inconel) or ceramic material: in the first case they work at medium-high temperature (600°C), so that syngas must be partially cooled, while in the second case operating temperature (850°C) is analogous to the syngas one at the gasifier output, so that it is no more necessary to perform the cooling. This represents an enormous advantage, that would allow syngas to keep its sensible heat, nevertheless this technology cannot be considered proven yet. However these devices are particularly suitable for very fine and light charcoal particles and have excellent removal efficiencies (about 99.8%), even if they denote some problems of clogging due to soot accumulation deriving from tar cracking. On the other hand, as mentioned above, in wet scrubbers dust removal is effected using liquid droplets that capture the particles present in raw syngas. The adopted liquid is normally water (even if other types of fluid are used or under investigation): since it obviously has not to evaporate, syngas must be cooled below 100°C. Water droplets are then removed from syngas stream (by coalescence, sedimentation or, in case, using cyclones). There are several specific techniques through which the process is effected: the most simple solution is the spray tower, a vertical device in which raw syngas and water droplets are simply made flow in counter-current (similarly to evaporative cooling towers in steam power plants, even if the phenomenon is obviously different), but the most used is the Venturi scrubber. In this system, raw syngas is made flow through a Venturi tube, whose throat is connected to the water source: the pressure drop occurring here attracts the liquid that, thank to low pressure and high flow velocity, is easily sprayed, increasing the contact surface with syngas and thus capturing a higher quantity of particles. Removal efficiency is therefore very good, being 99.9% for PM2 and 95 ÷ 99% for PM1. As seen, syngas is normally cooled below 600°C: at these temperatures alkali compounds (sodium, potassium salts, etc.) precipitate in or on particles and therefore the previously described technologies (filters, precipitators, scrubbers) can be suitably used to remove them. On the other hand, to clean the gas and preserve high temperatures, only ceramic candle filters can be used. Besides, high temperature removal via solid adsorbers (e.g. silica or alumina) is a solution under investigation. 52PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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