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Chapter 1 Biomass and technologies for its exploitation As for combustors, due to relative low temperatures, NOx formation mainly derives from the nitrogen contained in the biomass. In particular during the gasification it is mainly converted into ammonia, NH3 (and, to a lesser degree, into hydrogen cyanide, HCN), that is then converted into NOx during the combustion of the syngas. In order to keep down the emissions, several methods can be applied. First of all, it is always useful to supply biomass having low nitrogen content and, on the other hand, adopt low-NOx combustion techniques. Concerning removal systems, they can be focused either on the syngas NH3 or on flue gases NOx downstream of the power plant. Ammonia can be removed with wet scrubbing (obviously at low temperature) or with high temperature (800 ÷ 900°C) catalytic decomposition, by means of metal (e.g. iron, nickel based) or non-metal (dolomite, zeolite) catalysts; on the other hand, a catalytic method, called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), is also used for flue gas NOx, brought to react with an ammonia-based reducing substance at about 250 ÷ 350°C, yielding water and free nitrogen. Tars must always be removed if syngas is cooled or compressed before being used and in particular, as previously discussed, if it is used in internal combustions engines or gas turbines. Their concentration strongly depends on the reactor type, but also on operating temperature (it decreases with increasing temperature) and fuel type (in general biomass produces more tars than coal). Their efficient removal still remains the main technical barrier for the successful commercialisation of biomass gasification and this represents the main reason why downdraft gasifiers are largely the most used solution on small scales. However, two main systems are adopted: physical or chemical. In physical systems, tar droplets are made condense and are then removed by means of devices similar to those used for particulate, mainly wet scrubbers (but, for instance, also wet electrostatic precipitators have been studied). Tars can then partly be separated and used for energy purposes, but this process is complex and require a complicated management of wastewater. On the other hand, chemical systems are based on tar cracking, i.e. tars are decomposed in simpler molecules. This can be done in catalytic, adopting solutions analogous to those described for NH3, or thermal way, by means of partial oxidation (adding air or oxygen) or direct thermal contact with hot surfaces (in both cases the process obviously occurs at high temperature, 800 ÷ 1000°C). Again, they are complex and not yet proven technologies. 53PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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