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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants with a bottoming steam cycle, although this is a more complex and less diffused technology [2.1]. However, as discussed, the most convenient solution is probably co- combustion in large-scale coal plants, avoiding construction of new dedicated facilities and allowing exploitation of biomass in relatively high-efficiency plants. 2.2 Small-scale power generation and CHP Small-scale power generation falls within the broader concept of Distributed Generation (DG), consisting in on-site power production, i.e. next to the final user (that may be a single house as well as mid-sized factories), with handover to low or medium-voltage grid of electric surplus. This allows to easily follow the variations of the power load and to avoid losses, consisting in several percentage points in terms of equivalent electrical efficiency, related to the transmission and distribution processes, necessary in case of centralised production in large-scale plants. On the other hand, in the classic case of natural gas feeding, DG results heavily penalised compared to large-scale plants in all cost determinants: • investment, being higher in specific terms (€/kWel) and split over a lower number of yearly working hours; • fuel, being affected by higher unit costs and lower electrical efficiencies (which can reach 60% in large combined cycles, while they do not exceed 30% on 100 kWel-size and 40% on 1 MWel-size in internal combustion engines, which are the most performing solution); • O&M (Operation and Maintenance), whose incidence is relatively higher. Basing on these considerations, methane-fed1 DG has a sense, both in energy and economic terms, only if waste heat is recovered, i.e. if a combined heat and power production is being carried out. The basic concept of cogeneration or CHP is well known: in every thermodynamic power cycle, that yields mechanical or electric power adopting high-temperature heat (normally deriving from a combustion process) as an energy source, it is necessary to 1 In this work natural gas and methane are normally used as synonyms. 56PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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