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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants release part of the heat at a lower temperature, normally to the environment. This heat, directly discharged in form of flue gases and/or indirectly with a exchanger, is normally a considerable share of the energy input and is a loss penalising the energy performance of the plant. On the other hand, if it is partly or completely recovered for useful purposes, a CHP process is realised, with clear positive effects, since the process is more efficient in respect to separate production of the two goods in two different dedicated plants. In fact, as suitably schematised in Figure 2.1, electricity is normally produced in plants having about 40% electric efficiency, where waste heat is normally discharged at low temperature (for instance, in steam plants condensation heat is released at 30 ÷ 40°C) or however a proper recover is not effected; on the other hand, heat is normally produced via furnaces or boilers having high thermal efficiency2 (even 90%), but it is subject to a heavy thermodynamic degradation, being produced at a temperature higher than 1000°C and then absorbed by a fluid whose temperature is normally lower than 150 ÷ 200°C (in all civil applications, i.e. domestic heating, and in most industrial ones). This fact enables to utilisation of waste heat from power cycles (obviously also for steam plants, with proper cycle modifications, i.e. increasing condensation temperature), thus allowing the saving of fuel that would be necessary in the corresponding furnace: with the same net energy output, the overall fuel saving can be even higher than 30%. COMBINED PRODUCTION SEPARATE PRODUCTION 100 + 44 POWER 40 100 FUEL 40 HEAT FUEL Figure 2.1 – Energy flows diagram in combined and separate production. 2 Electrical and thermal efficiencies are defined as the ratio between, respectively, generated power or heat and fuel power input (given by the product of fuel mass flow rate and its LHV). 57PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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