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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants Gas turbines are very complex machines, whose design involves a great number of relevant issues concerning aero and fluid dynamics, heat transfer, metallurgy, etc.: only some of them are mentioned in these pages, above all the ones that allow comparison with the other power plants taken into consideration. In their base configuration, these plants cover a very wide range of power capacity, that is about 500 kWel ÷ 350 MWel, even if actual competitiveness is normally reached starting from 5 ÷ 10 MWel only. The reason lies precisely in the high technological content of these turbomachines, required to achieve good efficiencies and inapplicable or unjustified on small plants. For instance, it is well known that an improvement of the performance mainly involves turbine inlet temperature (TIT) increase, which implies the adoption of sophisticated materials and metallurgical techniques6 coupled with advanced methods for turbine’s first stages cooling: in small-scale turbines the cooling system is very simple or often is even missing, limiting TIT to 900 ÷ 1000°C, against 1100 ÷ 1400°C reached by the larger types, with consequent performance fall. Indeed, the increase of TIT must be accompanied by a contextual calibrated increase of maximum pressure, which implies the installation of additional stages to the machines, with consequent additional costs, that would be unjustified in small plants. Besides, the overall plant performance is particularly sensitive to compressor and turbine efficiencies, that are penalised by inevitable size effects on small scales. This happens also because small turbines are a simple scale-down of the larger models, whose basic architecture is conserved: in particular the machines are always axial (obviously multi- stage), except from some cases limited to the smallest sizes (500 kWel ÷ 1 MWel), where low mass flow rates suggest the adoption of radial configurations. Finally, it is important to remember that only large-scale turbines (i.e. having capacity higher than about 40 ÷ 50 MWel) can be directly coupled with an alternator, while small ones require a higher rotational speed and thus a transmission system, gradually more and more onerous with diminishing size (as speed increases). The electrical efficiencies as a function of size of the turbines available on the market are shown in Figure 2.10, exactly as done for internal combustion engines. 6 The use of ceramic materials, that would be decisive in this sense, is still subject to R&D, mainly due to their poor mechanical performance. 66PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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