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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants mentioned above. Under these conditions, one can achieve an electrical efficiency of about 30%, which is a value that simple-cycle gas turbines reach at about 5 MWel-scale (see Figure 2.10). Higher efficiencies would obviously be possible with higher turbine inlet temperatures: in this sense, R&D is currently more directed towards investigation of ceramic materials (see for instance [2.11]) rather than integration of cooling systems. Considering the importance of the recuperator, it may be interesting to analyse the incidence of its effectiveness on the electrical efficiency. However, first of all, it is important to note that there are two commonly used definitions of this parameter. In ThermoflexTM (and thus in this work) the following is adopted: ε = QACTUAL (2.1) MAXIMUM where QACTUAL is the actual rate of heat transfer, while QMAXIMUM is the maximum heat transfer rate that would be transferred by a counter-flow heat exchanger of infinite size with zero losses, associated with zero pinch temperature difference. The other definition is given by the ratio of temperature change in the stream with lower heat capacity to the difference between the incoming temperatures of the two streams. For example, referring to the T-Q (temperature-heat transfer) diagram of a generic counter-flow heat exchanger shown in Figure 2.15, it is defined as follows: Th,i −Th,o ε=T −T (2.2) h,i c,i Equation (2.2) is actually a simpler special case of the previous definition and can be suitably used if working fluids are incondensable gases or if operating conditions are far from phase transitions, nevertheless they may lead to some problems if used to describe a heat exchanger where a phase transition takes place. In fact in these cases the pinch point may be located not at the exchanger ends, but in an intermediate zone, thus making this formula inappropriate. In order to avoid such problems and to use an always valid definition, Equation (2.1) is therefore being preferred here. 71PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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