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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants One can observe that, as predictable, electrical efficiency increases with increasing heat exchanger effectiveness, even if all curves finally converge in one single point, corresponding to the maximum pressure ratio that makes regeneration possible. The maximum point of the curves gradually moves towards low values of pressure ratio, from 4.5 to 3.5 (with ε = 100%, the optimum β would be about 2, while it is equal to 1 in case of ideal cycles, as well known). Besides, the progressive electrical efficiency increase becomes more and more considerable, thus justifying the effort to achieve higher and higher effectiveness. However, regarding this, it has to be taken into consideration that increasing effectiveness implies heat exchanger size increase (and consequently costs increase, too), becoming dramatic above 90%, as shown in Figure 2.17, where size is expressed with the dimensionless parameter NTU (Number of Transport Units), defined as follows: NTU = U ⋅ A (2.3) Cmin In the formula, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the exchange area, while Cmin is the lower heat capacity between the two streams. As a consequence, practical trade-off values are normally fixed in the range 85 ÷ 90% (this is valid not only for recuperators, but also for heat exchangers in general terms) [2.8]. 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Recuperator - Size vs effectiveness 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 Effectiveness [%] Figure 2.17 – Relation between effectiveness and size for counter-flow recuperators. 73 Size (NTU)PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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