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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants about 25% at 1 MWel, being much lower than 35 ÷ 40% of internal combustion engines: a difference of 10 ÷ 15%. The same applies for 5 MWel, where efficiencies of both the technologies increase by about 5%: GTs reach 30% and analogously ICEs grow up to 45%. Only adopting regenerative9 or STIG10 solutions, gas turbine can achieve about 38%, which, however, is still significantly lower than ICEs result. Basing on these data, one can hypothesise that, also in case of biomass feeding, reciprocating engines and turbines will be competitive at 100 kWel, while the former will result absolutely favoured on the two larger scales: actually, this is roughly what happens, as will be discussed hereinafter. Finally, it must be pointed out that the ORC technology also considered in this work has not been taken into account in this particular analysis because it is an externally-fired solution. In fact its performance is similar independently from the feeding fuel and would result too much penalised by a comparison with internally-fired internal combustion engines and turbines, enjoying the advantages of natural gas feeding, but requiring significant modifications to allow the use of biomass. A similar concept is applicable for externally fired gas turbines, for which, moreover, performance data of commercial plants are not available. 2.4.3 Externally fired gas turbines As the name suggests, externally fired gas turbines (EFGT) are plants in which combustion does not involve the working fluid that flows through the turbine, but occurs in a combustor placed downstream of this component. Thus fluid heating, that is simply air, is performed by means of a heat exchanger, as shown in the scheme of Figure 2.20 (heat recovery for CHP is also taken into account). As one can see, it is very similar to the micro gas turbine, with a “simple” (but obviously significant) position reversal between the turbine and the combustion chamber. 9 On these scale, low pressure ratios imply that turbine outlet temperature is higher than compressor outlet one, thus allowing a regenerative process. Nevertheless it is rarely being applied because increasing efficiencies normally do not justify higher bulks and costs. 10 STIG (STeam Injected Gas turbine) is a technology based on the injection of steam, produced using hot flue gases, in the turbine combustion chamber, which allows to enhance efficiency and power output. 76PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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