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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants The progress of the curves is analogous to the mGT case and, again, optimum pressure ratios are found in a more limited range (3.5 or 4). Nevertheless, the curves converge at a much higher pressure ratio (if convergence occurs before zero efficiency) and, above all, they are more distant one from the other, demonstrating that the heat exchanger performance is now even more important that in IFGT turbines. Similarly to what discussed in the previous section, these comparisons may also be very useful in view of prediction of the results that will be obtained in the simulations with biomass feeding. 2.5 Organic Rankine cycles Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) represent a technology originally applied in the field of geothermal energy conversion, which, in recent years, has been affected by considerable diffusion in small-size cogeneration, especially using biomass as energy source. Commercial solutions are normally available in the power capacity range of 200 kWel ÷ 2.5 MWel, therefore only 1 MWel size, among the three considered in this work, would be available. Nevertheless the other two scales can also be taken into account. On one hand, in fact, it is sensible to suppose that the 100 kWel solution will be developed in the near future, since technological modifications necessary to this operation starting from the 200 kWel models are not expected to be dramatic. On the other hand the upper size limit is not due to technological constraints, but essentially to the availability of the heat source: customised solutions up to 10 MWel can be produced on demand [2.17]. Moreover, ORCs denote essentially no size effects on energy performance, the smallest plants as well as the larger ones being characterised by the same electrical efficiency: it may therefore be hypothesised that 5 MWel capacity is reached adopting more than one smaller plant in series. As the name suggests, the technology is based on a closed Rankine cycle, where the working medium is no more water but an organic fluid, more suitable than the former when the feeding heat source is at medium-low temperature (say 70 ÷ 400°C), which implies working pressures and temperatures that lead to high specific volumes and volumetric flow rate if water were used. For this reason, ORC plants are applied in 80PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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