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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants A typical energy balance of a biomass fired ORC plant is instead shown in Figure 2.25: as one can see, electrical efficiency is about 15%, but the recovery of the condensation heat allows to reach a very high thermal efficiency, about 75%. As a result, first law efficiency can achieve even 90%11. Figure 2.25 – Typical energy balance of a biomass-fired ORC plant [2.18]. As one can see, electrical efficiency is significantly lower than the one reached by internal combustion engines and gas turbines, even considering penalisation due to the fact that it is an external combustion plant. Indeed, this parameter is variable adjusting the condensation temperature. In fact, the case described above refers to the typical configuration in which the organic fluid condensates at 90°C, thus allowing the production of hot water for heating purposes, but it can be lowered down to 40 ÷ 50°C: in this case electrical efficiency raises to about 20%, but it is clear that useful heat recovery is no more possible (neglecting contribution of flue gases). This is why the CHP configuration is normally preferred. Concerning the thermodynamic cycle, given the low-temperature heat source, a superheated approach like in traditional Rankine cycles is not appropriate. Actually, a little superheating is always performed in order to prevent formation of liquid droplets at the intake of the turbine, that would damage the component, but it generally does not 11 These values are quite standardised among the various commercial solutions (that indeed are not numerous yet). 83PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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