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Batteries must be protected from the elements. Batteries should be buried below the frost line in a water- tight enclosure or placed in a building where the temperature will remain above freezing. If the batteries are buried, select a well-drained location. Batteries should never be set directly on concrete surfaces, as self discharge will increase, especially if the concrete surface gets damp. Direct-Coupled Solar Pumping System In direct-coupled pumping systems, electricity from the PV modules is sent directly to the pump, which in turn pumps water through a pipe to where it is needed (Figure 3). This system is designed to pump water only during the day. The amount of water pumped is totally dependent on the amount of sunlight hitting the PV panels and the type of pump. Because the intensity of the sun and the angle at which it strikes the PV panel changes throughout the day, the amount of water pumped by this system also changes throughout the day. For instance, during optimum sunlight periods (late morning to late afternoon on bright sunny days) the pump operates at or near 100 percent efficiency with maximum water flow. However, during early morning and late afternoon, pump efficiency may drop by as much as 25 percent or more under these low-light condi- tions. During cloudy days, pump efficiency will drop off even more. To compensate for these variable flow rates, a good match between the pump and PV module(s) is necessary to achieve efficient operation of the system. Figure 3. Direct-coupled solar pumping system. Direct-coupled pumping systems are sized to store extra water on sunny days so it is available on cloudy days and at night. Water can be stored in a larger-than-needed watering tank or in a separate storage tank and then gravity-fed to smaller watering tanks. Water-storage capacity is important in this pumping system. Two to five days’ storage may be required, depending on climate and pattern of water usage. Storing water in tanks has its drawbacks. Considerable evaporation losses can occur if the water is stored in open tanks, while closed tanks big enough to store several days water supply can be expensive. Also, water in the storage tank may freeze during cold weather. System Component Power Controllers: The efficiency of a direct-coupled water pumping system is sensitive to the match be- tween the pump and the PV system. PV panels produce a fairly constant voltage as the light intensity changes throughout the day; however, amperage changes dramatically with light intensity. During low-light levels, such as early morning and late evening, the PV array may be producing 30 volts at 1 amp. The pump motor needs current to start; however, it can run on a lower voltage. A pump controller’s circuitry trades voltage for current, which allows the pump to start and run at reduced output in weak-sunlight periods. Matching pump motor performance to the available sunlight with a properly sized controller can increase the amount of water pumped in a day by 10 to 15 percent. 7 LivestockPDF Image | Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems
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