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Installing the System Mounting PV Panels The PV panels should be mounted facing due south in a location where they receive maximum sunlight throughout the year. Panels facing 30 degrees away from south will lose approximately 10 to 15 percent of their power output. When choosing a site, it is essential to avoid trees or other obstructions that could cast shadows on the solar panels and reduce their output. This is especially true during the winter when the arc of the sun is lowest over the horizon. Solar panels produce the most power when they are pointed directly at the sun. The tilt angle is the angle between the plane of the solar panel surface and the ground. For maximum energy collection, the panel surface should be perpen- dicular to the sun. The desired tilt angle can be selected using the following general rules for optimum summer or winter use: Summer Use: tilt angle = 25 degrees Winter Use: tilt angle = 45 degrees For installations where the solar panels are permanently mounted, they should be tilted for maximum winter output. As a rule, if the power output is sufficient in the winter, it will be totally satisfactory during the rest of the year. Most manufacturers and distributors sell mounting hardware specifically designed for their panels. This hardware is intended for multiple applications so parameters such as wind loading have been considered in the design. Using this mounting hardware is the simplest and often the most cost effective. Locating the PV modules close to the water source is important to keep voltage loss in the system wiring to a minimum. A fence around the PV modules is required to protect the PV panels from damage due to animals. After installation, the area inside the fence must be maintained. Shading from weeds or a single tree branch can limit power output. Wiring Selecting the correct size and type of wire when connecting the pump to the batteries or solar panels increases the performance and reliability of the system. If possible, keep the PV panel and pump sets within 100 feet of each other. At this distance, a # 12 gauge wire is sufficient to keep the voltage loss in most 24-volt systems to roughly 3 percent. Larger diameter wires will be required at distances greater than 100 feet to keep the voltage loss in the system to a minimum. A voltage drop of only 5 percent translates to a 7.5 percent power loss at the pump. The use of direct-burial wire (UF) simplifies installation, since the wire can be buried under the water pipe in the same trench without conduit. Make all connections in water-tight junction boxes and attach all wires to support structures with wire ties. Use PVC conduit to protect the wires anytime they are above ground. Solar water pumping systems attract lightning because of the excellent ground they provide. If possible, do not locate the pump system, which includes the PV array, wiring and pump, on high ground. Ground the PV panel frame and all equipment boxes to metal well casings or to a driven ground rod. You might have to install lightning rods on higher terrain around the pump if lightning is a problem. Water Delivery System The pump can be operated using either a standard pressure switch and recharged pressure tank com- monly used with home well pumps or an electronic float switch. The recharged pressure tank prevents the continuous on/off cycling of the pump when cattle drink from a nearly full watering tank. When the float valve closes in a recharged pressure tank system, the pump continues to run until the pressure tank is charged with water at the preset off-pressure. As the level in a near-full tank fluctuates when animals are drinking and the float valve opens and closes, water is supplied from the charged pressure tank and the pump does not cycle. When animals drink enough to lower the water level and the float valve remains open, the pressure tank water charge is exhausted and the pressure switch then turns on the pump. A check valve placed in line upstream from the pressure switch location prevents the water line from draining when the pump is not operating. 10 Figure 4. Solar panel tilt angle. Solar-PoweredPDF Image | Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems
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