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Electronic float switches can be used to turn the pump on and off when the livestock watering and/or storage tank is low or full. Control wires from the livestock watering tank and/or storage to the pump controller must be run to make the system operate. In most applications, the flows associated with low-volume pumping systems can be handled in 3/4-inch, schedule 40PVCpipe;however, theuseof1-inch,schedule40PVCpipeisrecommendedtokeepfrictionlossesnegligible. Friction losses throughout the system can significantly increase the total head and thus reduce the amount of water that can be pumped. Cattle watering tanks should be installed on heavy use areas to prevent erosion and mud problems from developing around the watering tank. For more information on installing heavy use areas, see Agricultural Engineering and Biosystems Engineering publication WE-01-99 Construction of Farm Heavy-Use Areas Using Geotextile. Pump Sets The use of submersible pumps requires some method of securingthepumpinthestream. Forpumpsetswherethelow-flow water depth exceeds 3 feet, a low-cost pump mount can be con- structed from 6-inch PVC pipe and a 5-gallon plastic bucket (Figure5). Thispumpsetmirrorsawellbore.Thisworksquite well, since the pump is designed as a well pump and is intended to be housed in a vertical well pipe. First, place a 36-inch length of 6-inch, schedule 40 PVC pipe vertically in a 5-gallon bucket and then fill the bucket and pipe with concretetothefulldepthofthebucket. Drillaseriesof1-inchholes in the pipe extending above the bucket up to the bottom of the pump toallowwatertoenterthepipe. Holesshouldnotbedrilledinline or near the pump intake or the pump motor may not be adequately cooled. The motor depends on flow past the pump body to keep it cool.Apieceofstainlesssteelmesh bandedaroundthepipehelps keep debris from clogging the pump inlet. A hole dug into the stream bottom allows the bottom of the bucket to be set 8 to 10 inches below the stream bed. Although the weight of the concrete keeps this unit in place, attach a cable from a post or other secure anchor to the unit for additional security. Maintenance Figure 5. Pump set for submersible pump. Most failures of solar pumping systems are caused by pump problems. Sand and silt pulled in by the pump are the primary cause of failure. Filtering out silt or sand at the pump intake with fine mesh screen will prolong the life of the pump. The amount of maintenance required by solar pumping systems depends on the type and complexity of the system. PV panels generally require very little maintenance; however, pumps, batteries and other components require periodic routine maintenance. Solar pumping systems failures can be avoided with the following preventative maintenance: • Check the tightness of all electrical connections in the system. Battery connections should be cleaned and treated with a corrosion inhibitor available from any auto parts store. • Follow the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance procedures for all batteries. Check the electrolyte level and specific gravity of each cell in the battery. Do not overfill batteries. • Check system wiring. Look for cracks in the insulation of exposed wires. Inspect wires entering and exiting junction boxes for cracks or breaks in the insulation. Replace as necessary. • Check all junction boxes for water damage or corrosion. Check the tightness of the terminal screws and the general condition of the wiring. After inspection, make sure covers on junc- tion boxes are closed and sealed. 11 LivestockPDF Image | Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems
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