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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS CHAPTER1: SURVEYOFCHEMICALEMISSIONS Approach A primary focus of this study is to characterize the energy content, or “fuel value,” of industry’s chemical emissions. For purposes of this study, only CO, CH4, N2O, non- methane volatile organic compounds and NO and SO2 are considered as sources of energy. Carbon dioxide, while not a source of energy, can be used for other useful purposes, which are outlined in Appendix A. Emission levels of other greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as NOx, HFCs, PF6, have been identified, but their fuel value was not calculated. This study began with an investigation of the chemical fuel-value and an analysis of the report, “The Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001” (1) which outlines the emissions from various industries for 1990-2001. Emission values extracted from this reference were separated into energy-related and process-related emissions. For this study, energy-related emissions, which were mainly from fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation, were ignored since these emissions were incurred as a result of purchasing power from off-site utilities. A source for emissions data was the report “Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States 2002,” issued by the Energy Information Administration [2]. Both reports provided an overview of the emissions for the U.S. industrial complex from a broad perspective. In order to achieve a greater granularity of this information on an industry- by-industry perspective, this analysis presents emissions from specific industries with a breakdown of emissions within each industry. In order to calculate the chemical energy content of the emissions, only the chemical energy content at standard temperature and pressure (STP) was determined, using the heat of combustion for various gases [3]. The basic information reported for industrial emissions details the overall weight of the emissions by chemical species and relates this chemical compound back to carbon. We surveyed and aggregated the available chemical species data that have appreciable fuel- value by weight and calculated the energy content of this quantity of chemical compound using the conversions shown in Table 1. The emissions data by weight and this energy content by weight provided the basis for this analysis. Table 1. Calculated Energy Content by Unit Weight for Specific Industrial Emissions [35] Compound kJ/g Methane 55.7 Carbon Monoxide 10.1 NMVOC 47.4 VOC 49.0 Hydrogen 143.0 3PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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