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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Table 30. Emissions from Aluminum Production Soderberg process Source Prebake process Al production Al production Al production Al production Estimated energy content of CO Emission CO2 CO2 CO2 CF4 C2F6 Particulate fluoride CO2 CO (lb/ton Al produced) 3670 3080 3375 1.2 0.12 118.7 (lb produced) 36700000000 30800000000 33750000000 12000000 1200000 1187000000 Assume 20% of CO2 comes from CO (kg) 16681818182 14000000000 15340909091 5454545 545454 539545455 (Gg) 16681.82 14000 15340.91 5.454545 0.545455 539.5 12272.73 3068.2 = 31.0 (PJ energy) 31 (PJ)20 Ongoing R&D is aimed at finding alternative anode and aluminum smelting technologies that could significantly reduce the aluminum industry’s emissions. These technologies include a newly developed anode that could reduce air pollution from aluminum smelting by 50% [7]. These new technologies could significantly change the emissions situation in the future. Chemical Industry In 1998, all of the United States’ chemical plants consumed 5.07 Quads of fossil energy as primary source to supply the plants with heat and power. 2.8 Quads of fuel energy was used for boilers and process heating/cooling across various sub-sectors. 0.93 Quads was used for machine drive (such as pumps, fans, and detailed compressors), processes, and for lighting/HVAC. About 1.35 Quads was lost at off-site electric power generation facilities (which are beyond the scope of this report for energy recovery). On-site losses amounted to 1.36 Quads. Some of these losses are detailed below [8]: • 0.382 Quads in boilers (includes electricity generation losses) • 0.322 Quads in pipes and valves (includes electrical transmission losses) • 0.656 Quads due to equipment inefficiency • ~ 2 Quads - losses from waste heat, flared gases, byproducts (comprehensive studies not available). Renewables account for only 0.1% of total power generation. Increasing the use of renewable energy provides an opportunity to reduce emissions from the chemical industry. The chemical industry could also reduce electricity use and decrease overall emissions by directly converting chemical energy into electrical energy by using fuel cells. Fuel cells provide an option for utilizing the energy content of these emissions to both generate power and ultimately, reduce emissions [8]. 20 31 PJ has been included in the Executive Summary table. 28PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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