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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Table 36. Summary of Worrell, USMECS, and Battelle Analysis for Electricity Required for Chlorine Production and Energy Content of Evolved Hydrogen Electricity PJ for Energy Content Energy Content Opportunity for Electrolysis (LHV) of Evolved of Captured Energy Recovery Hydrogen (PJ) Hydrogen (PJ) from Evolved Hydrogen (PJ) Worrell report 150 3.4 USMECS 62 Battelle calculation 124 44.9 41.5 Beaver et al. [10] performed a 5-level analysis (levels 0-4) of energy use at different degrees of energy recuperation, with the final level corresponding to the most optimized process. The energy requirement was calculated using: • net power and hot utility needs • net fuel consumed by process • total energy consumed by process • total energy consumed by the product chain (including the energy used to produce raw materials) Level 0 was a baseline case. Level 1 was the benchmarked heat integration scenario. Level 2 was based on optimum heat integration of the process using pinch analysis. Stream matches were made between hot and cold streams above and below the pinch temperature. The study also analyzed opportunities to make temperature changes within the process (especially distillation, which is energy intensive) to improve heat integration. One opportunity was to use direct vapor recompression heat pumps, which compress vapors from a distillation column overhead and then condense the vapors in the column reboiler. The Level 3 process redesign improved energy efficiency by focusing on: • material selection – alternate catalysts, solvents, oxidizing agents • unit operations – staged vs. single reactor, solvent extraction vs. distillation • process integration – recycle of byproducts to reactor • fluid handling – reducing process pressures to decrease energy needs The Level 4 redesign calculated theoretical energy needs for a reaction in terms of standard enthalpies and represents the lower boundary of energy requirements. 32PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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