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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Landfills Landfills are not classified as industrial emissions for the purposes of this study. However, we have included a characterization of these emissions because landfills provide a significant opportunity for industries to recover emissions with chemical fuel value. About 380 billion pounds (172.5 Mt/year) of waste are dumped into landfills every year in the United States [12]. This roughly agrees with EPA’s estimated values of landfill wastes after accounting for recycling and incineration. Landfill gas is mainly composed of 50% CO2 and CH4, with a calorific value of 1800 kJ/NM3. A quick verification of the calorific value indicated that for an exact 50:50 composition of CO2:CH4, the calorific value is 19887 kJ/NM3. Since landfill gas also has trace amounts of SOx, NOx, and other gases, a calorific value of 1800 kJ/NM3 seems reasonable. In one study, Desideri [12] estimated the amount of biogas that evolves from landfills by using a factor of 0.35 NM3 biogas/kg of urban solid waste. For 172 Mtons of waste per year, this corresponds to 60 billion NM3 of biogas. We have found an alternative approach to estimating this value. According to the Energy Information Administration [2], the total landfill methane emissions for 2002 was 12.8 Mtons. We believe that this sum is probably the total taken from actual emissions data from various landfills. Of these emissions, 3 Mtons were recovered for energy, while 2.9 Mtons were flared. The net amount of landfill methane emissions that was not recovered or flared was 6.9 Mtons (12.8 – 3 – 2.9). This corresponds to a volume of 18 billion NM3 of methane, using a density of 0.71 kg/NM3. Assuming a 50:50 mix of CO2 and CH4, this corresponds to 36 billion NM3 of biogas, which is actually 60% of the value estimated in the Desideri study. For purposes of this analysis, we will use the numbers provided by the EIA report [2]. To calculate the energy content of biogas, we used the EIA estimates and the calorific value of 18000 kJ/NM3. From these values, we calculated the energy content to be 647 PJ or 179859 GWh. 24% of this energy, or 42300 GWh, is already being recovered. Currently, there are 1,858 landfills in the United States. Each site has an average gas generation rate of 19.4 million m3/year and a calorific value of 348 TJ/year. This corre- sponds to a power of 11.1 MW from each landfill site. Assuming a net efficiency of 45% for a fuel cell, this corresponds to a generated power of 5 MW, with a 6 MW available as heat. If the landfill is based on a bioreactor, the gases are released quickly and the energy content is available for use the same year. Clearly, the large fuel cell systems are needed to generate this power. The unused fuel can be used to heat the incoming fuel and air to the fuel cell, and also provide the energy for the endothermic steam reformer. Banks of MCFC or SOFC fuel cell systems appear to be ideal candidates to use the available fuel energy. 37PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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