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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS Desideri [13] did a feasibility study of using landfill gas in fuel cells. High- temperature fuel cells are especially compatible with methane as a source of fuel. By operating at the landfills, these fuel cells use the generated methane to reduce emissions and generate power. According to the EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program, landfill or biogas has been tapped at 140 landfills in the United States to provide methane gas directly to fuel cells through fuel processors referenced in http://www.siliconchip.com.au/cms/A_30527/article.html). After a successful demonstration test in 1992 at the Penrose Landfill in Sun Valley, California, fuel cells are operating at landfills in several states in America and in Japan. Groton Landfill in Connecticut, which has been operating since 1996, has been using fuel cells to produce 600,000 kWh of electricity a year, with a continuous net fuel cell output of 140 kW. To validate our analysis, we compared our data with information from the Prometheus Energy Company (www.prometheus-energy.com). According to Prometheus, a U.S. landfill emits 19.4 NM3 gas per year on average. This is of the same order of magnitude as the 7.57 NM3/year number used in the above analysis, thus lending further credibility to the validity of our approach and results. Another source of landfill gas emissions data is the EPA U.S. GHG report [1]. This report calculated the CH4 emissions using the methodology that EPA describes in Annex Q of its report. For this report, the EPA modeled the amount of both municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial waste disposed in U.S. landfills. They measured the methane emission rate for MSW landfills, assuming that methane emissions from industrial landfills were 7% of MSW landfill generation. The amount of methane recovered for energy and flaring and the amount oxidized in the soil was subtracted to yield the net emissions. The methane emissions in 2001 of 14.9 Mtons is close to the value of 12.85 Mtons for year 2001 in reference [2]. Appendix C has more comprehensive emissions data on landfill gas in the United States (see Table 41). Table 41. Methane Emissions from Landfills (Gg) Activity 1990 1993 1997 2001 MSW Generation 11,598 12,510 13,802 14,954 Large Landfills 4,534 4,927 5,663 6,439 Medium Landfills 5,791 6,223 6,699 7,016 Small Landfills 1,273 1,360 1,440 1,499 Industrial Generation 812 876 966 1,047 Potential Emissions 12,410 13,386 14,768 16,001 Emissions avoided 1,190 1,915 3,790 5,263 Landfill Gas-to-energy 732 892 1,452 2,396 Flare 458 1,023 2,338 2,867 Oxidation at MSW Landfills 1,041 1,059 1,001 969 Oxidation at Industrial Landfills 81 88 97 105 Net emissions 10099 10323 9880 9663 Source: [1]. 38PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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