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1 SURVEY OF CHEMICAL EMISSIONS While the U.S. GHG Inventory does not include combustion-related emissions, it does include process-related emissions. Process-related emissions (such as CO2 generated during conversion of limestone calcium oxide) are calculated using the IPCC method ology outlined in the report [16]. Table 47 shows process-related CO2 and combustion- related CO2 for years 1994 and 2001 [16]. Using the combustion-related CO2 emissions, the type of fuel used (mainly coal and coke), and the CH4 emission factors for each fuel, we can also determine the amount of CH4 evolved. A similar analysis can be carried out for N2O emission. Table 47. Combustion and Process-Related CO2 Emissions from U.S. Cement Manufacturing At present, process-related emissions are estimated on the national level, while combustion-related emissions are accounted for in the national estimate of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The Hanle [14] analysis is particularly useful for this study since CO2 emissions were calculated separately for the cement industry using appropriate CO2 emissions factor for wet and dry processing facilities. The estimates in Hanle’s study will be further refined in future studies by using available sources with facility-specific fuel data. The author points out that substitution of lower carbon-containing fuels for coal, coke, and petroleum coke will be useful for lowering CO2 emissions. The author also cautions that using waste fuel (while lowering CO2 emissions) could have an adverse environmental impact. Future reports from the EPA on this topic need to be closely watched. Using a CO2 emissions factor of 50 MMtons/Quad, the fuel energy corresponding to fossil fuel combustion of CO2 with an emission of 35.5 MMtons CO2 is 749 PJ. Using an emission factor for CH4 of 5.7 g/GJ, this corresponds to methane emissions of 4.4 Gg, which has an energy content of 0.24 PJ based on the analysis described in Tables 23-26. Clearly, the methane energy content from fossil fuel combustion is negligible. However, the analysis in Tables 23-26 was necessary in order to ensure that potentially significant emissions during fossil fuel combustion are not missed. CO2 Emissions MMTCO2 1994 2001 Combustion-related CO2 30.6 35.5 Process related CO2 36.1 41.4 Total CO2 66.7 76.9 45PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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